Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Functional Anatomy and Embryology > Anatomical Basis Of Homeostasis: Overview Of Hormonal Secretion > Flashcards

Anatomical Basis Of Homeostasis: Overview Of Hormonal Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

Charcteristics of their nervous system

A

Always working
Discrete, localised
Rapid control
Interact to coordinate organ and tissue activity in response to physiological needs
Regulate activities of body, maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Characteristics of the endocrine system

A

Functions intermittently
Exert diffuse control
Often prolonged control
Interact to coordinate organ and tissue activity in response to physiological needs
Regulate activities of body, maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the endocrine system function

A 
Specific stimulus
Specific endocrine cell activated
Hormone released into blood/ICS
Target tissue responds
Reduces incoming stimulus
Negative feedback loop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of hormones

A

Development
-Proliferation, growth, differentiation, organogenesis

Metabolism
-Carbohydrate, energy storage, metabolic rate, temp

Reproduction
-Sexual maturation and behaviour, pregnancy maintenance, lactation

Fluid balance
-Water balance, salt levels, blood volume, pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary (anterior, posterior)
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Islets of Langerhans
Adrenals
Gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What hormone is released from the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormone is released from the hypothalamus

A 
GnRH
CRH
GHRH
TRH
Somatostatin
Dopamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormones are released from the pituitary

A 
FSH
LH
GH
TSH 
ACTH
Prolactin
Oxytocin
ADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid

A

T4
T3
Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormones are released from the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormones are released from the thymus

A

Thymosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenals

A 
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What hormones are released from the pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormones are released from the gonads

A

Oestrogen
Testosterone
Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What tissues also secrete hormones

A 
Kidney
Heart
Vascular endothelium
Gut cells
Adipocytes
Placenta
Thymus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormones are released from the kidney

A

Erythropoietin, increase RBC production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormones are released from the heart

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide, increase Na+ kidney excretion, decrease BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What hormones are released from the vascular endothelium

A

Von Willebrand factor, aids clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What hormones are released from the gut cells

A

Gastric

Secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What hormones are released from the adipocytes

A

Leptin, suppresses appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What hormones are secreted from the placenta

A

Lactogen

hCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are hormones delivered

A

Endocrine, from endocrine cell=>blood
Neuroendocrine, from nerve cell=>blood
Paracrine, hormone released locally, acts on nearby cells
Autocrine, hormone released locally, acts on itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe neuroendocrine secretion from the neurohypophysis

A

Secretory neurones have specialised nerve endings that store hormones in vesicles (Herring bodies)
AP generation causes hormones to be released into capillaries from the axo terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of hormones

A

Proteins/peptides
Steroids
Amines

25
Q

Why is the type of hormone important

A

Biochemical structure dictates

  • Mechanism of action at target cell
  • How hormone is carried in blood
  • Circulating half life
26
Q

Examples of small peptides

A

ADH

TRH

27
Q

Examples of long chain polypeptides

A

GH

Insulin

28
Q

Examples of glycoproteins

A

LH

29
Q

How are protein and peptide hormones synthesised

A

By DNA transcription, translation mainly as preprohormones
Preprohormones => cleaved by proteolysis enzymes => prohormones
Prohormones stored in secretory vesicles
Release of active hormone by executors is when cytosol is [Ca2+] is high
Diffuses into leaky capillaries, circulate unbound, short half life

All hormones of hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, GI and pancreas

30
Q

Synthesis of steroid hormones

A

All structures based on 3 6C rings and 1 5C ring, derived from cholesterol

Synthesised in mitochondria and SER
Not stored in gland, hormones release dependent on synthesis rate
Diffuses across plasma membrane
Circulate in blood, albumin bound, long half life

Produced by adrenals, gonads, placenta

31
Q

Properties of amine hormones derived from tyrosine in the thyroid

A

Lipid soluble, cross cell membrane
Circulate protein bound, long half life
Stored in thyroid bound to thyroglobulin

32
Q

Properties of catecholamines, derived from tyrosine

A

Water soluble, don’t cross cell membranes
Circulate unbound in blood, short half lives
Stored intracellularly in secretory granules

33
Q

What are eicosanoids
How do they act
What are they derived from

A

Local chemical messengers that exert wide variety of effects in many different organs and tissues

Autocrine, paracrine

Derived from arachidonic acid

34
Q

Effects of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins

A

Immune system, promote inflammatory process

Reproductive system, play role in ovulation

Digestive system, inhibit gastric secretion

35
Q

Generally, what do kind of hormones come from neurosecretory cells

A

Proteins

Catecholamines

36
Q

Generally, what kind of hormone comes from epithelial tissues

A

Steroid

Thyroid hormones

37
Q

What controls the plasma concentration of a hormone in the blood

A

Depends on rate of secretion and rate of removal

38
Q

How are hormones removed

A

By the liver and kidneys

Excrete and metabolise hormones

39
Q

Mechanism of steroid and thyroid hormone action

A

Intracellular cytoplasm/nucleus

Alter gene transcription

40
Q

Mechanism of peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, catecholamines

A

Cell surface, plasma membrane

Secondary messengers to change enzyme activity

41
Q

Describe the process by which steroid hormones act

A

Steroid diffuses through cell membrane, binds to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor
Receptor hormone complex translocates to nucleus
Dimerisation occurs on hormone response element (HRE) of DNA
DNA binding stimulates transcription of specific genes

42
Q

Describe the process by which lipid insoluble hormones act

A

Hormone binding to extracellular domain changes receptor conformation
Causes changes to intracellular domain in cell=>signalling cascades leading to cells repose

43
Q

Types of receptors for lipid insoluble hormones

A

Monomeric receptor, EGF
Multimeric receptor, insulin
Receptors with 7 spanning domains, B adrenergic

44
Q

How is hormone secretion controlled, describe the types of stimulus

A

Changes in plasma conc of mineral ions
Changes in plasma conc of organic nutrients
Neurotransmitters released from neurones contacting endocrine cells
Upstream hormone/paracrine agent acting on endocrine cell

45
Q

Describe the structure of the pituitary

A

Structure of neurohypophysis
Median eminence
Infundibular process, both of these make up the infundibulum

Par nervosa

Structure of adenohypophysis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis

46
Q

Describe the the embryonic development of the pituitary

A

Downgrowth of the floor of the diencephalon (hypothalamus)
Upgrowth of the roof of the mouth to form Rathke’s pouch

Rathke’s pouch separates from mouth and forms the adenohypophysis
Downgrowth of hypothalamus forms neurohypophysis
Both pituitaries surrounded by sella turcica

47
Q

Describe the process by which the neurohypophysis functions

A

Specific neural stimuli causes ADH/oxytocin synthesis in cell bodies
Hormones travel down axons from either the supraoptic nucleus/paraventricular nucleus
Stored in nerve terminals
Released into pituitary vein

48
Q

Which nucleus is oxytocin released from

A

Paraventricular

49
Q

What nucleus is ADH released from

A

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

50
Q

Describe how the adenohypophysis functions

A

Specific neural stimuli causes hypothalamic hormone synthesis and release
Released at the median eminence from the nuclei
Travel down portal blood vessels
Control release of anterior pituitary hormones

51
Q

Describe the pituitary portal blood system

A

Blood that reaches the adenohypophysis passes via the capillary loops through long/short hypophyseal portal vessels

Long hypophyseal portal vessel connects from superior hypophyseal artery to capillary loops in adenohypophysis
Short hypophyseal portal vessels connect capillaries in the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

Superior hypophyseal artery supplies median eminence and stalk
Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies posterior lobe directly and anterior lob via short portal vessels

Both lobes drain into venous sinuses

52
Q

Adenohypophysis function

Cell types here

A 
Gonadotroph cells
Corticotroph cells
Somatotroph cells
Lactotroph cells
Thyrotroph cells, all these cells release 6 fully establishes hormones

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH are trophic to other endocrine glands
GH stimulates stomatomedins, trophic
Prolactin doesn’t stimulate production/secretion

53
Q

Control of adenohypophysis

A

Hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones

Feedback by target hormones

54
Q

Describe the use of hypophysiotrophic hormones

A

Released into pituitary portal system from nerve terminals in median eminence of hypothalamus
Stimulate release of specific hormones from anterior pituitary
Not present at detectable levels in wider circulation
Trophic secreting cells in anterior pituitary

55
Q

Describe a short loop feedback system

A

Negative feedback of the hormone released from the pituitary on the hypothalamus

Decrease amount of hypophysiotrophic hormone released

56
Q

Describe a long loop feedback system

A

Target gland releases a hormone that acts on the pituitary/or the hypothalamus

Decrease the amount of hypophysiotrophic hormone/hormone released

57
Q

Describe an ultra short feedback loop system

A

Hormone released from target gland acts in an autocrine manner
Decreases amount of hormone released from the target hormone

58
Q

Action of dopamine on the lactotroph cells

A

Inhibits the release of prolactin

Inhibits effect on mammary glands

59
Q

Action of somatostatin on somatotroph cells

A

Inhibits the release of GH

Inhibits growth

Functional Anatomy and Embryology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions