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ANAT 32 > ANAT NOTES 6 PART 1 > Flashcards

ANAT NOTES 6 PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

three subcategories of the skull

A
  • face
  • cranium
  • associated bones
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2
Q

how many bones in the skull?

A

29

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3
Q

what’s the only movable bone in the skull?

A

mandible

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4
Q

where does the spinal cord depart from?

A

foramen (opening) magnum

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5
Q

what is the skeletal system made of?

A
  • skeletal bones
  • cartilage
  • ligaments (connect bone to bone)
  • connective tissue to stabilize the skeleton
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6
Q

where can you find fibrocartilage?

A

pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

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7
Q

what cartilage is an intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage?

A

fibrocartilage

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8
Q

what is the most abundant cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

where can you find elastic cartilage?

A

epiglottis and cartilage of external ear

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10
Q

trabeculae

A

lining within spongy bone

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11
Q

bone marking

A

wherever muscle attach to bone

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12
Q

facet

A

bone binds to other bone

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13
Q

condyle

A

joints that connect

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14
Q

why are spongy bones easy to break?

A
  • less complex than compact bone

- too small to contain osteons

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15
Q

hormone that is key for development

A

growth hormone

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16
Q

why do you need surgery for a fractured bone?

A

prevent small pieces of the bone to enter the bloodstream that may carry to the brain or heart

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17
Q

osteoporosis

A

deposit of calcium is low which can lead to fracture of bone

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18
Q

osteomalacia

A

occurs in adults - bones are inadequately mineralized

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19
Q

rickets

A

occurs in children - analogous to osteomalacia

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20
Q

articular cartilages

A

covers the ends of most bones at movable joints

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21
Q

costal cartilage

A

connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

22
Q

movement in bones

A

skeletal muscles use bones as levers

23
Q

blood cell formation in bones

A

red (blood cells) and yellow (fat) bone marrow

24
Q

energy metabolism in bones

A

osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin

25
Q

osteocalcin

A

stimulates pancreatic secretions that reduce blood sugar levels (insulin)

26
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

27
Q

osteoblasts

A

actively produce and secrete bone matrix A.K.A. osteoid

28
Q

osteocytes

A

keep bone matrix healthy

29
Q

classification of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular

30
Q

where is bone marrow found?

A

open spaces between trabeculae A.K.A spongy bone

31
Q

compact bone vs. spongy (cancellous) bone

A

dense outer layer of bone vs. internal network of bone

32
Q

what does the structure of a typical long bone consist of?

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphyses
  • blood vessels
  • medullary cavity
  • membranes
33
Q

diaphysis

A

“shaft” of a bone

34
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of a bone

35
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow

36
Q

microscopic structure of compact bone

A

contains passageways for blood vessels and nerves

37
Q

osteons

A

long cylindrical structures in compact bone that provides support (structurally resemble rings of a tree in cross section)

38
Q

microscopic structure of spongy bone

A

trabeculae contain layers of lamellae and osteocytes; too small to contain osteons

39
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

A

bone tissue formation

40
Q

membrane bones are formed directly from…

A

mesenchyme

41
Q

osteoclast

A

a bone degrading cell

  • contains many nuclei
  • crawls along bone surfaces and breaks down bone tissue
42
Q

closed reduction

A

bone ends are coaxed back into position by the physician’s hands

43
Q

open reduction

A

bone ends are joined surgically with pins or wires

44
Q

what produces growth hormone?

A

pituitary gland

45
Q

thyroid hormone

A

ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions

46
Q

sex hormones

A
  • promote bone growth

- later induces closure of epiphyseal plates

47
Q

growth hormone stimulates…

A

epiphyseal plates

48
Q

at what age does the skeleton grow until?

A

18-21

49
Q

skeleton in children and adolescents

A

bone formation>bone reabsorption

50
Q

skeleton in young adults

A

bone formation=bone reabsoprtion

51
Q

skeleton in the elderly

A

bone formation

52
Q

when does osteoporosis often occur?

A

women after menopause (late twenties)

ANAT 32 (9 decks)

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