Analogical Reasoning

Question 1

is a cognitive process that involves comparing two
things to highlight their similarities.

Answer 1

Analogy

Question 2

is the process of using analogies to infer
or make sense of new information.

Answer 2

ANALOGICAL REASONING

Question 3

relationship between elements or
components is similar

Example. Bird’s wings and their ability to fly as inspiration for
designing early flying machines

Answer 3

3 types of similarity
ANALOGICAL REASONING

Question 4

process or sequence is similar

Example. Both cooking and chemistry involve transformation of
substances through a series of steps or reactions like ingredient
interaction, to create new compounds or products.

Answer 4

3 types of similarity
PROCEDURAL SIMILARITY.

Question 5

solution-irrelevant details common to two
concepts that challenges the prevailing understanding with new

Example. Cholera was transmitted through contaminated water
rather than the air as first suggested by the Miasma Theory, which
solely based

Answer 5

SUPERFICIAL SIMILARITY.

Question 6

can be a powerful tool for overcoming
mental blocks and finding innovative solutions to complex problems. It
could involve

Answer 6

ANALOGICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

Question 7

(1) increasing the encoding of the underlying structure of the current
problem;
(2) increasing the use of effective retrieval strategies.

Answer 7

ENHANCING ANALOGICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

There are two main approaches:

Question 8

PROCESSES IN ANALOGICAL REASONING

information concerning the problem stimuli is processed.

Answer 8

PROCESSES IN ANALOGICAL REASONING
1.Encoding

Question 9

PROCESSES IN ANALOGICAL REASONING

identifying a relation (i.e., similarity) between two items

Answer 9

2. Inferring

Question 10

PROCESSES IN ANALOGICAL REASONING

identifying the overall relational pattern or rule governing the
problem

Answer 10

3.Mapping

Question 11

PROCESSES IN ANALOGICAL REASONING

using the outcome of the mapping process to select the
response completing the analogy

Answer 11

4. Applying

Question 12

investigates the paradoxical nature of
analogical reasoning.
Paradoxical nature of analogical reasoning lies in its ability to both
facilitate problem-solving by drawing connections between seemingly
unrelated concepts and to hinder problem-solving by leading to false
analogies or inappropriate transfer of knowledge.

Answer 12

ANALOGICAL PARADOX

Question 13

involves
generating novel and
valuable ideas or solutions.

Answer 13

Creativity

Question 14

is the
process of recognizing
similarities between
different situations or
concepts and using these
similarities to infer new
information or solve
problems.

Answer 14

Analogical Thinking

Question 15

synergize in analogical
problem-solving and
expertise, allowing
individuals to
approach problems
from unique
perspectives and
generate innovative
solutions.

Answer 15

Creativity and
analogical thinking

Question 16

is elite, peak, or exceptionally high levels of performance on
a particular task or within a given domain (Bourne et al., 2015, p. 211).

Studies on expertise typically use “knowledge-rich” problems
requiring much knowledge beyond that contained in the problem

Answer 16

EXPERTISE AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Question 17

chunks that are used frequently develop into more
complex data structures known as templates:

These are schematic structures consisting of a core and slots.
Templates typically store information relating to ten pieces or more.
Templates are more flexible and adaptable than chunks.

Answer 17

TEMPLATE THEORY,

Question 18

describes the ability of medical experts to make rapid
and accurate diagnoses.

Answer 18

MEDICAL EXPERTISE

Question 19

Several years of intensive training are needed.
Training leads to acquisition of huge amounts of stored knowledge.
Experts are better able to make use of rapid automatic processes.
Experts can make flexible use of analytic strategies when required.

Answer 19

Medical and chess expertise share similarities:

Question 20

We know the development of expertise involves acquiring huge amounts of
knowledge and specialized cognitive processes and potentially changes in
the brain

Answer 20

BRAIN PLASTICITY