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Anesthesiology > Analgesia > Flashcards

Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

Analgesia is…

A

absence of awareness of pain

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2
Q

Pain is…

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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3
Q

what can untreated pain lead to?

A

patient suffering and prolongs recovery from surgery, injury, or illness

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4
Q

what are the physiological consequences of pain?

A
  1. Stress hormone release
  2. Immunosuppression
  3. Increased inflammation
  4. Delayed wound healing
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5
Q

what is nociception?

A

detection of actual or potential tissue injury (i.e. pain) by the CNS

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6
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

nerve cells involved in the detection of pain

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7
Q

what are the steps involved in pain perception? (4)

A
  1. Transduction
  2. transmission
  3. modulation
  4. perception
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8
Q

Transduction is…

A

transformation of noxious thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli into action potentials by peripheral A-delta and C fibers

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9
Q

what is the nociception of A-delta fibers?

A

sharp descrete pain that can be localized like a cut on the skin

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10
Q

what is the nociception of C fibers?

A

dull aching and throbbing pain hard to localize like pain in organs

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11
Q

Transmission is…

A

conduction of sensory electrical impulse to the spinal cord

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12
Q

Modulation is…

A

neurons in the spinal cord amplify or suppress the sensory impulse received from the peripheral nociceptors

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13
Q

Perception is…

A

a sensory impulse is transmitted to the brain, where it is processed and recognized as pain

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14
Q

Multimodal analgesia is…

A

using a combination of analgesic drugs, each with a different mechanism of action, to control pain

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15
Q

what are the classifications of pain?(2)

A
  1. adaptive

2. maladaptive

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16
Q

Adaptive pain is…

A

the normal sensory response caused by tissue damage and inflammation (acute or chronic)

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17
Q

Maladaptive pain is…

A

results from physical changes that occur in the normal spinal cord and brain if adaptive pain is not managed appropriately

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18
Q

what can constant stimulation of the nociceptors lead to?

A

physical/chemical changes in the spinal cord that make them more sensitive to stimulation

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19
Q

Hyperalgesia is…

A

increased sensitivity to noxious stimuli

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20
Q

Allodynia is…

A

pain produced by non-noxious stimuli

21
Q

Windup is…

A

CNS hypersensitivity to noxious and non-noxious stimuli

22
Q

Somatic pain is…

A

arising from skin, SC tissue, muscle, bones, or joints

Typically transmited along A-delta fibers

23
Q

Visceral pain is…

A

arising from internal organs

Typically transmitted along C fibers

24
Q

Neuropathic pain is…

A

pain arising from direct damage to peripheral nerves or the spinal cord

25
Q

Acute pain is…

A

sudden onset, short duration

26
Q

Chronic pain is…

A

slow onset, long-lasting

27
Q

how is pain determined in animals?

A

physiologic and behavioral changes

28
Q

what are some physiologic changes with pain?

A

cardiovascular, respiratory, and ocular systems

29
Q

what are some observable changes of pain?

A

posture, movement, vocalization and behavior

30
Q

how frequent should pain assessment be performed on patients?

A

frequently during the first few

31
Q

when should pain assessment be performed? (2)

A
  1. after an animal undergoes major surgery

2. when they come into the hospital

32
Q

how is pain treated? (2)

A
  1. Eliminate the primary cause

2. Use of analgesic drugs

33
Q

what are the analgesic drug administration times? (2)

A
  1. Preemptive Analgesia

2. Postoperative analgesia

34
Q

when is preemptive analgesia administered?

A

before tissue damage occurs or the patient has awareness of pain

35
Q

what is the purpose of giving preemptive analgesia help with?

A

Reduces the analgesic requirement as well as how long the patient will need analgesics for pain control

36
Q

when is postoperative analgesia administered?

A

few hours to a few days following surgery

37
Q

what are some analgesic drugs? (5)

A 
Opioids
NSAIDs
Local anesthetics
Ketamine
Alpha-2 agonists
38
Q

why are CRI analgesia drugs more common for pain relief?

A
  1. Provide stable plane of analgesia
  2. No peaks or troughs
  3. Lower drug dosage delivered at any point in time
  4. Greater control over drug administration
39
Q

which analgesics can be used for CRI?

A
  1. Opioids
  2. Lidocaine
  3. Ketamine
  4. Alpha-2 agonists
40
Q

what are the analgesic properties of opioids? (2)

A
  1. Moderate to severe pain

2. Mild to moderate pain

41
Q

what are some opioids for moderate to severe pain? (4)

A
  1. Morphine
  2. oxymorphone
  3. hydromorphone
  4. fentanyl
42
Q

what are some opioids for mild to moderate pain? (4)

A
  1. Buprenorphine
  2. butorphanol
  3. meperidine
  4. nalbuphine
43
Q

what is the drug effect of morphine?

A

Agonist

44
Q

what receptors does morphine bind to?

A

mu and kappa receptors

45
Q

what is a potential side effect when giving morphine IV?

A

histamine release

46
Q

what routes can morphine be given?

A

IV, IM, SC, epidural, (PO)

47
Q

what can morphine cause with horses?

A

bradycardia colic

48
Q

what drug effect does oxymorphone and hydromorphone have?

A

Agonists

49
Q

what receptors does oxymorphone and hydromorphone bind to?

A

mu receptors

Anesthesiology (8 decks)

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