Anaethetics

Question 0

How many stages are there with general anaesthesia, and where does the induction stage begin?

Answer 0

Four. Induction stage begins at stage three.

Question 1

What drugs where originally included in anaesthetics?

Answer 1

• ether
• chloroform
• nitrous oxide

Question 2

Name what happens in each of the anaesthesia stages.

Answer 2

Stage 1: analgesia - loss of smell and pain, speech difficulty, numbness, hearing loss (last effect)

Stage 2: excitement - varies in effect; delirium, pupil dilation

Stage 3: surgical anaesthesia - 4 levels; respirations shallow and more rapid, paralysis of intercostal muscles, loss of reflexes, decrease muscle tone, pulse weakens and decrease blood pressure

Stage 4: medullary paralysis - respiratory arrest, vasomotor collapse “anaesthetic accident”

Question 3

Name all the types of general anaesthesia.

Answer 3

• inhalation anaesthetics
• volatile liquid anaesthetics
• IV anaesthetics
• total IV anaesthesia
• neuromuscular blocking agents

Question 4

What are neuromuscular blocking agents used for?

Answer 4

They are used to prevent the nerve stimulation at the muscle cell and cause paralysis of the muscle directly.

Question 5

Neuromuscular blocking agents are also known as local anaesthesia. Explain their actions and indications.

Answer 5

It inhibits the generation and conduction of pain impulses by blocking the movement of sodium. There is then a loss of:

• pain sensation
• pressure sensation
• heat recognition
• proprioception

Question 6

What forms can local anaesthesia come in? What is the time limit for each acting agent?

Answer 6

Topical, infiltration, nerve block, epidural.

Short acting - 30-60 minutes
Medium acting - 1-3 hours
Long acting - 3-10 hours

Question 7

Name two adverse reactions to local anaesthesia.

Answer 7

• local damage at site
• psychogenic reactions
• systemic effects
• allergic/hypersensitivity reactions

Question 8

Lignocaine is a medium acting local anaesthesia. What are the different ways it can be administered? Name four.

Answer 8

• injection
• eye drops
• gel
• ointment
• oral liquid
• transdermal patch
• cream
• spray

Question 9

EMLA is goods for use in children. What type of anaesthesia is it and what forms can it come in?

Answer 9

Transdermal patch and cream.