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year 3 principles > Anaesthesia - animal specifics > Flashcards

Anaesthesia - animal specifics Flashcards

1
Q

2 groups of drugs used to sedate horses?

A

phenothiazines (ACP)

alpha 2 agonists (detomidine)

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2
Q

How is acepromazine as a horse sedative?

A
  • limited sedation
  • better if combined with an opioid
  • can cause hypotension
  • be careful as can cause priapism in stallions
  • very safe - halves risk of death
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3
Q

what is a common alpha 2 agonist combination used to sedate horses?

A

detomidine and morphine

  • deep does related sedation
  • can cause bradycardia , reduced CO, bp changes, high blood glucose, high urine output, gut stasis
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4
Q

Pre-op considerations for horses?

A
  • 8-12 hr starvation
  • remove shoes
  • wash out mouth
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5
Q

What is the normal pre-op drug regime for horses?

A

ACP in box

alpha 2 agonist and opioid in induction suite

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6
Q

Why is TIVA not really used in the horse?

A

very expensive

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7
Q

What are the 3 techniques for horse induction?

A
  • ketamine based
  • hypnotic
  • guiaphenesin
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8
Q

How does IV ketamine induction in the horse work / what do you do?

A
  • Give a 2 agonist first so it calms down
  • give ketamine +/- benzodiazepine
  • takes 1-3 mins to go down
  • lasts for 15-30 mins
  • fast recovery
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9
Q

what is the hypnotic technique for horse induction?

A
  • propofol / alfazalone / thiopental
  • give large volumes rapidly
  • expensive
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10
Q

What is guiaphenesin technique for horses?

A
  • its a muscle relaxant so can give then induce with ketamine or thiopental
  • very long acting
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11
Q

What volatile agent is licensed in the horse?

A

Isoflurane

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12
Q

What volatile agent is used via the cascade in the horse and why?

A

Desflurane + sevoflurane

-fast induction, stable anaesthesia and rapid recovery

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13
Q

What are complications of isoflurane in the horse?

A

respiratory depressant - IPPV

hypotension

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14
Q

Why is nitrous oxide controversial in the horse?

A

can cause hypoxia

diffuses into gut spaces so increases pressure on lungs

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15
Q

what is the most economical circuit for the horse?

A

circle

can use rebreathing

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16
Q

How is arterial bp measured in the horse?

A

direct via canula in the facial artery

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17
Q

What are the 2 positions horses can be in during anaesthesia?

A

lateral recumbency

dorsal recumbency

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18
Q

what are the considerations when a horse is in lateral recumbency?

A
  • pull under front leg forward
  • upper limb parallel to table
  • very soft padding
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19
Q

What are the considerations when a horse is in dorsal recumbency?

A

dont lock stifle

raise head but dont over-extend as can stretch laryngeal nerve

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20
Q

What intra-op analgesia is used in the horse?

A
  • most commonly = ketamine
  • alpha 2 agonists
  • lidocaine (need to stop 20 min before end of surgery for better recovery)
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21
Q

6 common complications in horse anaesthesia?

A 
hypotension
hypercarbia
hypoxaemia
cardiac arrhythmias
cardiac arrest
muscle and nerve damage
22
Q

What to do if a horse is hypotensive?

A
  • reduce volatile agent
  • fluids
  • ionotropes
  • slightly overventilate (high CO2 is circulatory stimulant)
  • DONT use vasoconstrictors
23
Q

What to do if a horse is hypercarbia?

A

-IPPV but will decrease HR by increasing intrathoracic pressure

24
Q

What to do if a horse is hypoxaemic?

A
  • speed up surgery
  • horse can tolerate it well
  • due to V/Q mismatch as lungs being squashed
25
What to do if a horse has an arrhythmia?
- give anticholingergic (very sensitive to vagal stim) | - if tachycardic remove cause (toxin, hypovol, adrenaline)
26
What to do if a horse has a cardiac arrest?
- can still breath - external cardiac massage by jumping on knees - IPPV - adrenaline
27
What to do if a horse has muscle and nerve damage post op?
can be form reduced perfusion | try to support
28
What are considerations with the horse during recovery?
- POSITION - if been dorsal - lateral, leave on same side to reduce hypoxia but turn over to reduce muscle damage - remove ETT as soon as in recovery box - dont want too fast or too slow recovery - analgesia before pain commences
29
Most common drug protocol used for horse anaesthesia
- ACP in box - a 2 agonist and opioid (detomidine and morphine) in induction suite - Ketamine and benzodiazepine to induce - isoflurane to maintain - ketamine as intra-op analgesia
30
What procedure do you do standing and under GA in farm animals?
Standing - flank laparotomy, de-claw, de-horn, teat surgery, castration GA - umbilical hernia repair, urethostomy, orthopaedic, enucleation
31
How is regurgitation prevented in cattle?
starving for 18-24 hr, remove water for 12 hr - good depth when intubating - good fitting tube - keep mouth low so can drain
32
What is the consideration with lots of saliva production?
fluid and electrolyte loss
33
What is a consideration with ruminants and their rumen?
cant eructate when anaesthetised and still fermenting so can get bloat / ruminal tympany pass NGT if needed
34
Why can cows get hypoxaemia?
rumen squashing lungs so get V/Q mismatch | IPPV
35
What is used for farm animal sedation?
A 2 aonist | pulmonary oedema, reduced eructation, reduced swallowing, increased urine, uterine contraction
36
What is used for farm animal induction?
Ketamine (laryngeal reflex remains) | thiopentone (long recovery but fast acting)
37
What inhalational agent can be used for cattle?
isoflurane
38
What are some anaesthetic considerations for camelids?
- prone to bloat - obligate nasal breathers - 3 stomachs - lingual torus - jugular catheter either high or low as vertebral wings extend far round - classed as pets - recover in sternal recumbency - remove ETT with cuff inflated when can stay sitting - keep as herd
39
What are some anaesthetic considerations for pigs?
- starve for 6 hrs - IM first as hard to catch for IV (use fluid extension set) - hard to intubate
40
What drug protocol is used in pigs?
Sedate - azaperone (penile prolapse) Induce - ketamine / thiopentone maintain - isoflurane
41
What is malignant hyperthermia in pigs?
- faulty gene so Ca channel stays open in sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscles so get muscle rigidity - stimulated by inhalational agents and caffeine - active cooling, fluid, remove trigger, IPPV, bicarb to increase pH, monitor K - can test for gene
42
what is the anaesthetic risk for horses and rabbits?
Horses - 1/100 | Rabbits - 1/72
43
What do you assume with rabbits?
all have some degree of respiratory dysfunction
44
How do you prepare rabbits for anaesthesia?
- blood from cephalic / marginal ear vein - accurate weight - no need to starve - check mouth before intubating - EMLA cream before catheter - correct dehydration - give analgesia - avoid mask induction as they breath hold
45
How are rabbits induced?
- hypnorm (fentanyl and fluanisone) - very resp depressant - ketamine +a2 + opioid off license - peripheral vasoconstriction and pale mm - propofol - alflaxalone
46
What is a rabbit intubated?
- check mouth for food first - give o2 before intubating - blind or with laryngoscope - can use a laryngeal mask - hard as toungue / cheek teeth / epiglottis large and laryngeal opening is small - sharp angle between mouth and larynx - prone to laryngospasm
47
How are rabbits maintianed?
- oxygen - volatile agent or inj - 10-15 ml / Kg subQ fluid - depth assessment by tail < toe < ear pinch (want just lost toe)
48
What circuits can you use for a rabbit?
t-piece mini lack humphrey
49
Rabbit recovery considerations?
- incubator? - analgesia - encourage to eat and go home ASAP - need to eat and pass pellets in 24 hr
50
signs of pain in a rabbit
``` anorexia teeth grinding immobility reduced RR unkempt look ```
51
Rodent anaesthesia
- starve for 1-3 hrs if over 200g - remove water 1 hr before - examine mouth for food - no licensed analgesia but use opioids / NSAIDs - rat + mouse + gerbil - lateral tail vein - guinea pig - medial metatarsal vein
52
Ferret anaesthesia
- treat like a cat - thick skin so catheterisation hard - insulinomas common so dont fast over 4-6 hrs - sensitive to volatile agents

year 3 principles (20 decks)

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