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year 3 principles > Anaesthesia - animal specifics > Flashcards

Anaesthesia - animal specifics Flashcards

1
Q

2 groups of drugs used to sedate horses?

A

phenothiazines (ACP)

alpha 2 agonists (detomidine)

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2
Q

How is acepromazine as a horse sedative?

A
  • limited sedation
  • better if combined with an opioid
  • can cause hypotension
  • be careful as can cause priapism in stallions
  • very safe - halves risk of death
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3
Q

what is a common alpha 2 agonist combination used to sedate horses?

A

detomidine and morphine

  • deep does related sedation
  • can cause bradycardia , reduced CO, bp changes, high blood glucose, high urine output, gut stasis
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4
Q

Pre-op considerations for horses?

A
  • 8-12 hr starvation
  • remove shoes
  • wash out mouth
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5
Q

What is the normal pre-op drug regime for horses?

A

ACP in box

alpha 2 agonist and opioid in induction suite

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6
Q

Why is TIVA not really used in the horse?

A

very expensive

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7
Q

What are the 3 techniques for horse induction?

A
  • ketamine based
  • hypnotic
  • guiaphenesin
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8
Q

How does IV ketamine induction in the horse work / what do you do?

A
  • Give a 2 agonist first so it calms down
  • give ketamine +/- benzodiazepine
  • takes 1-3 mins to go down
  • lasts for 15-30 mins
  • fast recovery
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9
Q

what is the hypnotic technique for horse induction?

A
  • propofol / alfazalone / thiopental
  • give large volumes rapidly
  • expensive
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10
Q

What is guiaphenesin technique for horses?

A
  • its a muscle relaxant so can give then induce with ketamine or thiopental
  • very long acting
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11
Q

What volatile agent is licensed in the horse?

A

Isoflurane

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12
Q

What volatile agent is used via the cascade in the horse and why?

A

Desflurane + sevoflurane

-fast induction, stable anaesthesia and rapid recovery

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13
Q

What are complications of isoflurane in the horse?

A

respiratory depressant - IPPV

hypotension

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14
Q

Why is nitrous oxide controversial in the horse?

A

can cause hypoxia

diffuses into gut spaces so increases pressure on lungs

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15
Q

what is the most economical circuit for the horse?

A

circle

can use rebreathing

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16
Q

How is arterial bp measured in the horse?

A

direct via canula in the facial artery

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17
Q

What are the 2 positions horses can be in during anaesthesia?

A

lateral recumbency

dorsal recumbency

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18
Q

what are the considerations when a horse is in lateral recumbency?

A
  • pull under front leg forward
  • upper limb parallel to table
  • very soft padding
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19
Q

What are the considerations when a horse is in dorsal recumbency?

A

dont lock stifle

raise head but dont over-extend as can stretch laryngeal nerve

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20
Q

What intra-op analgesia is used in the horse?

A
  • most commonly = ketamine
  • alpha 2 agonists
  • lidocaine (need to stop 20 min before end of surgery for better recovery)
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21
Q

6 common complications in horse anaesthesia?

A 
hypotension
hypercarbia
hypoxaemia
cardiac arrhythmias
cardiac arrest
muscle and nerve damage
22
Q

What to do if a horse is hypotensive?

A
  • reduce volatile agent
  • fluids
  • ionotropes
  • slightly overventilate (high CO2 is circulatory stimulant)
  • DONT use vasoconstrictors
23
Q

What to do if a horse is hypercarbia?

A

-IPPV but will decrease HR by increasing intrathoracic pressure

24
Q

What to do if a horse is hypoxaemic?

A
  • speed up surgery
  • horse can tolerate it well
  • due to V/Q mismatch as lungs being squashed
25
Q

What to do if a horse has an arrhythmia?

A
  • give anticholingergic (very sensitive to vagal stim)

- if tachycardic remove cause (toxin, hypovol, adrenaline)

26
Q

What to do if a horse has a cardiac arrest?

A
  • can still breath
  • external cardiac massage by jumping on knees
  • IPPV
  • adrenaline
27
Q

What to do if a horse has muscle and nerve damage post op?

A

can be form reduced perfusion

try to support

28
Q

What are considerations with the horse during recovery?

A
  • POSITION - if been dorsal - lateral, leave on same side to reduce hypoxia but turn over to reduce muscle damage
  • remove ETT as soon as in recovery box
  • dont want too fast or too slow recovery
  • analgesia before pain commences
29
Q

Most common drug protocol used for horse anaesthesia

A
  • ACP in box
  • a 2 agonist and opioid (detomidine and morphine) in induction suite
  • Ketamine and benzodiazepine to induce
  • isoflurane to maintain
  • ketamine as intra-op analgesia
30
Q

What procedure do you do standing and under GA in farm animals?

A

Standing - flank laparotomy, de-claw, de-horn, teat surgery, castration

GA - umbilical hernia repair, urethostomy, orthopaedic, enucleation

31
Q

How is regurgitation prevented in cattle?

A

starving for 18-24 hr, remove water for 12 hr

  • good depth when intubating
  • good fitting tube
  • keep mouth low so can drain
32
Q

What is the consideration with lots of saliva production?

A

fluid and electrolyte loss

33
Q

What is a consideration with ruminants and their rumen?

A

cant eructate when anaesthetised and still fermenting so can get bloat / ruminal tympany
pass NGT if needed

34
Q

Why can cows get hypoxaemia?

A

rumen squashing lungs so get V/Q mismatch

IPPV

35
Q

What is used for farm animal sedation?

A

A 2 aonist

pulmonary oedema, reduced eructation, reduced swallowing, increased urine, uterine contraction

36
Q

What is used for farm animal induction?

A

Ketamine (laryngeal reflex remains)

thiopentone (long recovery but fast acting)

37
Q

What inhalational agent can be used for cattle?

A

isoflurane

38
Q

What are some anaesthetic considerations for camelids?

A
  • prone to bloat
  • obligate nasal breathers
  • 3 stomachs
  • lingual torus
  • jugular catheter either high or low as vertebral wings extend far round
  • classed as pets
  • recover in sternal recumbency
  • remove ETT with cuff inflated when can stay sitting
  • keep as herd
39
Q

What are some anaesthetic considerations for pigs?

A
  • starve for 6 hrs
  • IM first as hard to catch for IV (use fluid extension set)
  • hard to intubate
40
Q

What drug protocol is used in pigs?

A

Sedate - azaperone (penile prolapse)
Induce - ketamine / thiopentone
maintain - isoflurane

41
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia in pigs?

A
  • faulty gene so Ca channel stays open in sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscles so get muscle rigidity
  • stimulated by inhalational agents and caffeine
  • active cooling, fluid, remove trigger, IPPV, bicarb to increase pH, monitor K
  • can test for gene
42
Q

what is the anaesthetic risk for horses and rabbits?

A

Horses - 1/100

Rabbits - 1/72

43
Q

What do you assume with rabbits?

A

all have some degree of respiratory dysfunction

44
Q

How do you prepare rabbits for anaesthesia?

A
  • blood from cephalic / marginal ear vein
  • accurate weight
  • no need to starve
  • check mouth before intubating
  • EMLA cream before catheter
  • correct dehydration
  • give analgesia
  • avoid mask induction as they breath hold
45
Q

How are rabbits induced?

A
  • hypnorm (fentanyl and fluanisone) - very resp depressant
  • ketamine +a2 + opioid off license - peripheral vasoconstriction and pale mm
  • propofol
  • alflaxalone
46
Q

What is a rabbit intubated?

A
  • check mouth for food first
  • give o2 before intubating
  • blind or with laryngoscope
  • can use a laryngeal mask
  • hard as toungue / cheek teeth / epiglottis large and laryngeal opening is small
  • sharp angle between mouth and larynx
  • prone to laryngospasm
47
Q

How are rabbits maintianed?

A
  • oxygen
  • volatile agent or inj
  • 10-15 ml / Kg subQ fluid
  • depth assessment by tail < toe < ear pinch (want just lost toe)
48
Q

What circuits can you use for a rabbit?

A

t-piece
mini lack
humphrey

49
Q

Rabbit recovery considerations?

A
  • incubator?
  • analgesia
  • encourage to eat and go home ASAP
  • need to eat and pass pellets in 24 hr
50
Q

signs of pain in a rabbit

A 
anorexia
teeth grinding
immobility
reduced RR
unkempt look
51
Q

Rodent anaesthesia

A
  • starve for 1-3 hrs if over 200g
  • remove water 1 hr before
  • examine mouth for food
  • no licensed analgesia but use opioids / NSAIDs
  • rat + mouse + gerbil - lateral tail vein
  • guinea pig - medial metatarsal vein
52
Q

Ferret anaesthesia

A
  • treat like a cat
  • thick skin so catheterisation hard
  • insulinomas common so dont fast over 4-6 hrs
  • sensitive to volatile agents

year 3 principles (20 decks)

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