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Bacteriology > Anaerobes > Flashcards

Anaerobes Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The endogenous anaerobes are sporulators

A

FALSE The exogenous anaerobes are sporulators

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2
Q

How does actinomyces appear on gram stain?

A

Gram positive filamentous rod

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3
Q

Actinomyces is commonly found in what four areas in the body?

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Respiratory tract
  • GU tract
  • GI tract
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4
Q

When the mucosa is disrupted, actinomyces causes _____ lesions

A

Granulomatous lesions

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5
Q

What is the treatment for Actinomyces infection?

A

Beta-lactams + debridement

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6
Q

How do Propionobacterium on gram stain?

A

Gram positive bacilli

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7
Q

What three disorders do Propionobacterium cause?

A
  • Acne
  • Infection of prosthetics
  • Endopthalmitis
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8
Q

What are the treatment options for Propionobacterium infection?

A
  • Benzoyl Peroxide
  • Oral erythromycin or clindamycin
  • Retinoic acid
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9
Q

How Bacteriodes appear on gram stain?

A

Gram negative bacilli (some pleomorphism)

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10
Q

Bacteriodes are normal flora of the GI tract, but are also _____ pathogens, primatily in the _____

A

Opportunistic pathogens of the peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

T/F Bacteriodes are resistant to many different antibiotics

A

TRUE

Including Beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, many developing resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of an anaerobic infxn

A
  • Foul-smelling discharge
    • Due to short chain FA metabolism products
  • Gas in tissues
    • Production of CO2 and H2
    • Rotten eggs smell
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13
Q

T/F The spores of exogenous anaerobes cause disease

A

FALSE

The spores must germinate and form vegetative cells to cause disease. This requires an anaerobic environment

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14
Q

How does Clostridium tetani appear on gram stain?

A

Gram positive rods with terminal endospores (tennis rackets)

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15
Q

What are the two toxins produced by C. tetani?

A
  • Tetanolysin
    • Hemolysin, no role in pathogenesis
  • Tetanospasmin (Tetanus Toxin)
    • Spasmogenic, causes classical symptoms of tetanus
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16
Q

Tetanospasmin (Tetanus Toxin) inhibits the release of the neurotransmitters _____ and _____. What does this cause?

A
  • Blocks release of GABA and glycine
    • Prevents relaxation of mm.
      • Muscle rigidity, convulsions, spastic paralysis
17
Q

What is the pattern of paralysis in tetanus?

A

Descending, spastic paralysis

18
Q

What are the treatment options for tetanus?

A
  • Local debridement
  • Supportive measures
  • Penicillin or metronidazole to kill bacteria, but may not improve prognosis
  • Passive immunity with human IG to neutralize toxin if not vaccinated
19
Q

What kind of vaccine is available for tetanus?

A

Toxoid vaccine

20
Q

What are the three forms of disease caused by C. botulinum?

A
  • Food poisoning
    • Ingestion of preformed toxin
  • Wound botulism
    • Infection of wound with spores
  • Infant botulism
    • Germination of ingested spores
21
Q

Botulism is caused by _____ produced by C. botulinum

A

Neurotoxin

22
Q
A
23
Q

What substance produced by C. botulinum is known as the most toxic substance on earth?

A

Toxin H

24
Q

C. botulinum toxin, in contrast to C. tetani toxin, causes _____ paralysis

A

Flaccid paralysis (Spastic caused by C. tetani toxin)

25
Q

The symptoms of of foodborne botulism present 12-36 hours after ingestion. What are they?

A
  • Weakness/dizziness
  • Vision changes
  • Dry mouth
  • Abdominal pain
  • No fever
  • Bilateral flaccid paralysis
26
Q

What are the treatment options for C. botulinum disease?

A
  • Passive immunization
  • Supportive care (ventilator)
27
Q

The type A strain of C. perfringens can cause what two diseases?

A

Gas gangrene and food poisoning

28
Q

______ is an acute disease with poor prognosis caused by C perfringens. It is associated with war wounds, which impairs blood flow to the area, providing an anaerobic environment for the organism.

A

Gas gangrene

29
Q

Muscle infected with Gas gangrene (C. perfringens) show what four characteristics?

A
  • Discoloration (purple mottling)
  • Edema
  • Foul smelling exudate
  • Gas bubbles
    • From anaerobic fermentation
30
Q

What is the treatment for C. perfringens gas gangrene?

A

Debridement, exposure of exposed area to oxygen

31
Q

What is the most common cause of food poisoning in the USA? What kind of food is this organism found in

A
  • C. perfringens
  • Meat/meat products
32
Q

T/F C. perfringens food poisoning lasts only 24 hours

A

TRUE

Watery diarrhea, cramps, abdominal pain (and rarely fever/nausea/vomiting) last only 24 hours in C. perfringens food poisoning

33
Q

T/F C. difficile is an anaerobe that is a true pathogen

A

FALSE

C. difficile is a member of your normal flora

34
Q

How is C. difficile infection acquired?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic use kills normal flora, allowing C. diff overgrowth

35
Q

What are the two toxins produced by C. diff. responsible for disease? What do they do?

A
  • Enterotoxin (A)
    • Neutrophil chemoattractant
    • Destroys tight junctions, creates permeability (cytopathic
  • Cytotoxin (B)
    • Cytopathic
36
Q

T/F: C. diff. spores can persist in a room for weeks to months, and can survive temperatures and disinfectant

A

TRUE

37
Q

What is the most reliable method of diagnosis for C. diff. infection?

A

PCR for toxins in stool

38
Q

What are the treatment options for C. difficile infection?

A
  • Stop use of abx
  • Metronidazole (Moderate disease)
  • Vancomycin (Severe disease)
  • Fecal transplant has been shown to be successful

Bacteriology (19 decks)

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