ANA PHY SUMMARY Flashcards
is the scientific discipline that investigates the
structure of the body—for example, the parts and chambers of the heart. The
word ____ means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the
body for study
anatomy
There are two basic approaches to the study of anatomy:
(1) systemic
anatomy and (2) regional anatomy
is the study of the
body by systems, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular
systems.
Systemic anatomy
is the
study of the organization of the body by areas.
REGIONAL ANATOMY
Anatomists have two general ways to examine the internal structures of a
living person:
(1) surface anatomy and (2) anatomical imaging.
is the study of external features, such as bony projections, which
serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
SURFACE ANATOMY
involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures
of internal structures, such as when determining if a bone is broken or a
ligament is torn.
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
THE STUDY OF NATURE
PHYSIOLOGY
is the scientific
discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things—it is
important in physiology to recognize structures as dynamic
PHYSIOLOGY
There are two
major goals when studying physiology:
(1) examining the body’s responses to
stimuli and (2) examining the body’s maintenance of stable internal
conditions.
is the study of humans. Like anatomy,
physiology can be studied at multiple levels.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
focuses on processes inside cells such as the manufacturing of
substances, including proteins,
CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
focuses on
the functions of organ systems.
SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
The body can be studied at six structural levels:
chemical, cell, tissue, organ,
organ system, and organism
are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as
plants and animals.
CELLS
Most cells contain smaller structures inside them, called
ORGANELLES
a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding
them.
TISSUE
The many tissues that make up the body are
classified into four primary types: ECMN
(1) epithelial, (2) connective, (3) muscle,
and (4) nervous.
is composed of two or more tissue types that
together perform one or more common functions.
ORGAN
a group of organs that together perform a common
function or set of functions.
ORGAN SYSTEM
In this text, we
consider eleven major organ systems:
ISMNECLRDUR
(1) integumentary, (2) skeletal, (3)
muscular, (4) nervous, (5) endocrine, (6) cardiovascular, (7) lymphatic, (8)
respiratory, (9) digestive, (10) urinary, and (11) reproductive.
any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of
one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
ORGANISM OR HUMAN ORGANISM
is anything that
occupies space and has mass.
MATTER
is the amount of matter in an object
MASS
is the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass.
WEIGHT
international unit for mass is
KILOGRAM
the simplest type of matter having unique chemical
properties.
ELEMENT
smallest particle of an element that has
the chemical characteristics of that element.
ATOM
The three major types of subatomic
particles are (NPE)
(1) neutrons, (2) protons, and (3) electrons.
HAS NO ELECTRICAL CHARGE
NEUTRON
ONE POSITIVE CHARGE
PROTON
HAS ONE NEGATIVE CHARGE
ELECTRON
Protons and neutrons are found in the center of the atom
NUCLEUS
THE ELECTRONS ARE FOUND IN THE
ELECTRON CLOUD
Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and
nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and
ribosomal subunit assembly
NUCLEUS
SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
RIBOSOMES
Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein
synthesis
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ROUGH ER)
Site of lipid synthesis; participates in
detoxification
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SMOOTH ER)
Modifies protein structure and packages
proteins in secretory vesicles
GOLGI APPARATUS
Contains materials produced in the cell; formed
by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis
SECRETORY VESICLE
Contains enzymes that digest material taken
into the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus
LYSOSOME
Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and
hydrogen peroxide
PEROXISOME
Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of
ATP synthesis
MITOCHONDRION
Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and
forms components of cilia and flagella
MICROTUBULE
Facilitate the movement of chromosomes
during cell division
CENTRIOLES
Move substances over surfaces of certain cells
CILIA
Propel sperm cells
FLAGELLA
Increase surface area of certain cells
MICROVILLI
The chemical reactions that occur within cells are
collectively called
CELL METABOLISM
the outermost
component of a cell.
CELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANE
Substances outside the cell are called
EXTRACELLULAR
inside the cell are called
CYTOPLASMIC
the cell membrane has other functions
(1)
supporting the cell contents, (2) acting as a selective barrier that determines
what moves into and out of the cell, and (3) playing a role in communication
between cells.
The cell membrane is primarily made up of two major types of
molecules:
(1) phospholipids and (2) proteins.
In addition, the membrane
contains other molecules, such as
(3) CHOLESTEROL AND (4) CARBOHYDRATES
