ANA PHY - CHAP 1 (HUMAN ORGANISM) Flashcards
Provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water loss,
and helps produce vitamin D.
Consists of the nails, hair, skin,
sebaceous glands and sweat
glands.
Integumentary System
Provides protection and support,
allows body movements, produces
blood cells, and stores minerals
and adipose tissue. Consist of
bones, associated cartilages,
ligaments, and joints
Skeletal System
Produces body movements,
maintains posture, and produces
body heat. Consists of muscles
attached to the skeleton by
tendons.
Muscular System
A major regulatory system that
detects sensations and controls
movements, psychological
processes , and intellectual
functions. Consists of the brain,
spinal cord, nerves, and sensory
receptors.
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that
influences metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and other functions.
Consist of the endocrine glands
such as the pituitary glands that
secrete hormones.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Transports nutrients, waste
products , gasses and, and
hormones throughout the body;
plays a role in the immune
response and the regulation of
body temperature. Consists of the
heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular System
Removes foreign substances from
the blood and lymph, combats
disease, maintains tissue fluid
balance, and absorbs dietary fats
from the digestive tract. Consist of
the lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, & other lymphatic organs
Lymphatic System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the blood and air
and regulates blood pH. Consists
of the lungs and respiratory
passages.
Respiratory System
Performs the mechanical and
chemical processes of digestion,
absorption of nutrients, and
elimination of wastes. Consist of
the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines and other accessory
organs.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Removes waste product from the
blood and regulates blood pH, ion
balance, and water balance.
Consists of the kidneys, urinary
bladder, and ureters.
URINARY SYSTEM
Produces oocytes is the site of
fertilization and fetal
development; produces milk for
the newborn; produces hormones
that influence sexual function and
behaviors. Consists of the ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
mammary glands, and
associated structure.
Female Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sperm cell
to the female and produces
hormones that influence sexual
functions and behaviors. Consists
of the testes, accessory structure,
ducts, and penis
Male Reproductive System
Maintenance of constant environment
despite fluctuations in the external or
internal environment
HOMEOSTASIS
Measures of body properties that may
change in value
Ex: - heart rate
- Blood pressure
- Blood glucose level
VARIABLES
A normal extent of increase or decrease
around a set point.
NORMAL RANGE
Normal or average value of a variable
overtime, body temperature fluctuates
around a set point.
SET POINT
COMMON CAUSE CHANGE OF BODY TEMP IS
FEVER
COMMON CAUSE OF CHANGE OF HEART RATE, BP, REPIRATORY RATE IS
EXERCISE
Is the mechanism used for homeostatic
regulation.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
A negative feedback response involves:
DETECTION AND CORRECTION
of deviation away from set
point and;
DETECTION
reversal of deviation
toward set point and normal range
CORRECTION
Mechanisms occur when the
initial stimulus further stimulus
further stimulates the response
❖ System response causes
progresive deviation
away from;
❖ Set point, outside of
normal range
❖ Not directly used for
homeostasis
❖ Some positive feedbacks
occurs under normal
conditions ex: childbirth
❖ Generally associated
with injury, disease
❖ unable to maintain
homeostasis
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
THE 3 COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK (RCE)
RECEPTOR, CONTROL CENTER, EFFECTOR
Detects changes in variable
RECEPTOR
Receives receptor signal
- Establishes set point
- Send signal to effector
CONTROL CENTER
Directly causes change in
variable
EFFECTOR
Person standing erect with face and palms
forward
- All recreational descriptions based on the
anatomical position, regardless of body
orientation
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Directional Terms - ABOVE
SUPERIOR
Directional Terms - BELOW
INFERIOR
Directional Terms - FRONT OR VENTRAL
ANTERIOR
Directional Terms - BACK OR DORSAL
POSTERIOR
Directional Terms - CLOSE TO MIDLINE
MEDIAL
Directional Terms - AWAY FROM MIDLINE
LATERAL
Directional Terms - CLOSE TO POINT OF ATTACHMENT
PROXIMAL
Directional Terms - STRUCTURE CLOSE TO THE SURFACE
SUPERFICIAL
BODY PLANES - separates the body into right and left
parts
SAGITTAL PLANE
BODY PLANES - A sagittal plane along the midline that
divides body into equal left and right
halves
MEDIAN PLANE
BODY PLANES - A horizontal plane that separates the body
into superior and inferior parts
TRANSVERSE PLANE
BODY PLANES - A vertical plane that separates the body
into anterior and posterior parts
FRONTAL PLANE
Upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
UPPER LIMBS
Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
LOWER LIMBS
Head, neck, trunk
CENTRAL REGION
BODY CAVITIES - Space within chest wall and
diaphragm
- Contains heart, lungs, thymus
gland, esophagus, trachea
THORACIC CAVITY
BODY CAVITIES
- Space between lungs
- Contains heart, thymus gland,
esophagus, trachea
MEDIASTINUM
BODY CAVITY - Space between diaphragm and
pelvis
- Contains stomach, intestines, liver,
spleen, pancreas, kidney
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
BODY CAVITY - Space within pelvis
- Contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs, part of large
intestine
PELVIC CAVITY
