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Anatomy > ANA 203 Histology Epithelial tissue > Flashcards

ANA 203 Histology Epithelial tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

This is the study of the tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs

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2
Q

What are the 4 fundamental tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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3
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Furnish mechanical support for the cell
  2. Transport of nutrients to the cell
  3. Transport of catabolites and secretory products
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4
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. Life exists only in cells
  2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
    3.The continuity of life has a cellular basis
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5
Q

What are cell inclusions?

A

Accumulations of materials that are not metabolically active

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6
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Necrosis is the death of body tissue

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7
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death

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8
Q

Difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

A

prokaryotic cells
1) no true nucleus
2) no internal membranes
3) single, circular chromosome

Eukaryotic cell
1) true nucleus
2) internal membranes and organelles
3) multiple chromosomes

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8
Q

Difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

A

prokaryotic cells
1) no true nucleus
2) no internal membranes
3) single, circular chromosome

Eukaryotic cell
1) true nucleus
2) internal membranes and organelles
3) multiple chromosomes

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9
Q

Function of muscle and other contractile cells

A

movement

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10
Q

Which cells form adhesive and tight junctions between cells

A

Epithelial cells

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11
Q

Function of fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage

A

Synthesize and secrete components of the ECM (extra-cellular matrix)

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12
Q

Which specialized cells convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials?

A

Neurons and sensory cells

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13
Q

Function of the mucus gland cells

A

Synthesis and secretion of mucous substances

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14
Q

Function of the cells of the kidney and salivary gland ducts

A

Ion transport

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15
Q

Which cells are involved in intracellular digestion?

A

Macrophages and some white blood cells

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16
Q

Purpose of fat cells

A

Lipid storage

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17
Q

Functions of epithelium

A

1.Protection (skin),
2. Absorption (Small & large intestine),
3. Secretion (glands),
4. Excretion (tubules of the kidey),
5. Gas exchange (lung alveolus),
6. Gliding btw surface (mesothelium) and
7. Ion transport (GIT)
8. Contractility (e.g., myoepithelial cells).

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18
Q

General characteristics of epithelium

A
  1. They are derive from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm,
  2. They line and cover all body surfaces except the articular cartilage, the enamel of the tooth,
  3. they lines a body cavity,
  4. They are anchored by a basal lamina ( BL
    + CT = BM)
  5. Forms most glands
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19
Q

Special characteristics of epithelium

A
  1. Cellularity
    cells are in close contact with each other with little or no intercellular space between them
  2. Specialized contacts
    may have junctions for both attachment and communication
  3. Polarity
    epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface
  4. Support by connective tissue
    at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the
    connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane
  5. Avascular
    nutrients must diffuse
  6. Innervated
  7. Regeneration
    epithelial tissues have a high capacity for regeneration
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20
Q

What are the 3 domains of the epithelia line surfaces cavities

A
  1. the apical domain (AD), 2. lateral domain
    AD
    (LD),
  2. basal domain (BD)
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21
Q

Function of the three domains of an epithelium

A
  1. The apical domain is exposed to the lumen or external environment.
    2. The lateral domain faces neighboring epithelial cells linked to each other by cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes.
    3. The basal domain is associated with a basal lamina that separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue.
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22
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The basal lamina–connective tissue complex
BL + CT = BM

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23
Q

The apical domain of some epithelial cells
can display three types of differentiation:

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Microvilli
  3. Stereocilia
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24
Q

What are the factors holding epithelial cells together?

A

Adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells
Contours of adjacent cell membranes
Special cell junctions

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25
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

Tight Junctions
Adherens/anchoring junctions
Gap junctions/communicating

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26
Q

Features of tight junctions

A

Tight junctions (zona occludens) – close off intercellular space
1. They define the polarity of the cell
2. Found at apical region of most epithelial types
3. Some proteins in plasma membrane of
adjacent cells are fused
4. Prevent molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue
5. Associated with actin filaments

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27
Q

Features of a gap junction in cells

A

Gap junctions – passageway between two adjacent cells
Let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells
Cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein

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28
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelium

A

Renal corpuscles/bowmans capsule
Alveoli of lungs
Lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels
Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
lining of the heart

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29
Q

Location of simple squamous mesothelium

A

Lines peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities

30
Q

Location of simple squamous endothelium

A

Lining of blood vessels

31
Q

Pleural cavity/pleura

A

Surrounding the lungs

32
Q

Pericardial cavity/ pericardium

A

Surrounding the heart

33
Q

Peritoneal/peritoneum

A

Surrounding the abdomen

34
Q

What is the main function of the simple squamous cells

A
  1. secretes lubricating substance in serosae
  2. allows diffusion and filtration of materials
35
Q

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  1. secretory ducts of small glands
  2. proximal and distal convoluted kidney tubules
  3. thyroid gland/follicles
  4. surface covering of the ovary
36
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

37
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Is one of the four basic types of animal
tissue.
Refers to the layers of cells that line hollow
organs, flat surfaces, and glands.
It covers the whole surface of the body. It
is made up of cells closely packed and
arranged cells

38
Q

What are 5 general characteristics of epithelial cells?

A
  1. They are derive from ectoderm,
    mesoderm and endoderm,
  2. They line and cover all body surfaces
    except the articular cartilage, the enamel
    of the tooth,
  3. they lines a body cavity,
  4. They are anchored by a basal lamina ( BL
    + CT = BM)
  5. Forms most glands
39
Q

Special characteristics of Epithelial cells (7)

A

Special Characteristics
1. Cellularity: cells are in close contact with each other with little or no
intercellular space between them
2. Specialized contacts: may have junctions for both attachment and communication
3. Polarity: epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface
4. Support by connective tissue
at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue contribute to the basement membrane
5. Avascular: nutrients must diffuse
6. Innervated
7. Regeneration: epithelial tissues have a high capacity for regeneration

40
Q

What forms the basement membrane?

A

the basal lamina-connective tissue complex

41
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Cell junctions are symmetrical
structures formed between two
adjacent cells.

42
Q

Classification of cell junctions

A

Symmetrical
Asymmetrical

43
Q

Types of symmetrical junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions (occluding junctions)
  2. Belt desmosome (zonula adherens or
    adhesive or anchoring junctions):
  3. Desmosomes (macula adherens or spot
    junction).
  4. Gap or communicating Junction
44
Q

Types of asymmetrical junction

A

Hemidesmosomes

45
Q

3 major classes of symmetrical junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Anchoring junctions
  3. Gap or communicating junctions
46
Q

Gap junctions are not anchoring
junctions but communicating junctions
linking adjacent cells TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

47
Q

Where are anchoring junctions found?

A

Anchoring junctions are found below the
tight junctions, usually near the apical
surface of epithelium.

48
Q

Classes of anchoring junctions

A
  1. The zonula adherens or belt
    desmosome
  2. The macula adherens or spot
    desmosome
  3. The hemidesmosome
49
Q

Features of desmosomes

A

Desmosomes (macula adherens) – two disc-like plaques
connected across intercellular space
Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by
proteins called cadherins
Proteins interdigitate into extracellular space
Intermediate filaments insert into plaques
from cytoplasmic

50
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A
  1. Noncellular supporting sheet between the epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
  2. Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells
51
Q

Function of the basal lamina

A
  1. Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules
    from capillaries enter the epithelium
  2. Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial
    cells can migrate
52
Q

What structure determines which molecules from the capillaries enter the epithelium

A

The basal lamina

53
Q

Pseudostratified colmunar epithelia

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
* appear to have multiple cell layers,
* but all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

54
Q

Simple Squamous epithelium

A

Description
single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped
nuclei

Special types
Endothelium (inner covering)
slick lining of hollow organs
Mesothelium (middle covering)
Lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
Covers visceral organs of those cavities

55
Q

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

A

Description
single layer of cube-like cells with large,
spherical central nuclei

56
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of column-shaped (rectangular)
cells with oval nuclei
Some bear cilia at their apical surface
May contain goblet cells

57
Q

Function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Function
Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes,
and other substances
Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive
cells by ciliary action

58
Q

Location of simple columnar

A

Non-ciliated form
Lines digestive tract,
gallbladder, ducts of
some glands

Ciliated form
Lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, ute

59
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

description
All cells originate at basement membrane
Only tall cells reach the apical surface
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
Gives false impression of stratification

60
Q

Function of Pseudostratified columnar

A

secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia

61
Q

Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Sterociliated type
Ducts of male
reproductive tubes
Ducts of large glands

Ciliated variety
Lines trachea and most
of upper respiratory
tract

62
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or
columnar
Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for
protection

63
Q

What is the thickest epithelial tissue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

64
Q

What are the types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinized – contain the protective protein keratin
Surface cells are dead and full of keratin (dry areas)
Non-keratinized – forms moist lining

65
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Protects underlying tissues in
areas subject to abrasion

66
Q

location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinized – forms epidermis of skin
Non-keratinized – forms lining of
esophagus, mouth, eye, and vagina

67
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Basal cells usually
cuboidal or columnar
Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous

68
Q

Function of transitional epithelium

A

stretches and permits
distension of urinary
bladder

69
Q

Location of transitional epithelium

A

Lines ureters, urinary
bladder and part of urethra

70
Q

Which waterproof protein allows our skin to be waterproof?

A

Keratin

71
Q

What type of epithelia is in the trachea and why?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium because it creates mucus which traps air particles and cilia which aids propulsion of muscus

72
Q

Function of anchoring junction Zonula Adherens

A

Transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells
Along with tight junctions, form the tight
the junctional complex around the apical lateral
borders of epithelial tissue

73
Q

Which cell junction is not a cell to cell junction?

A

Hemidesmosomes, it is a cell to ECM junction or cell to basal lamina junction

Anatomy (17 decks)

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