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Anatomy > ANA 203 Histology Connective Tissue and Cartilage > Flashcards

ANA 203 Histology Connective Tissue and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

Extracellular matrix (ground substance and protein fibers)
Connective tissue cells

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2
Q

Origin of connective tissue

A

The CT originates from the mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue
formed by elongated undifferentiated cells, the mesenchymal cells

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3
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A

Connective tissue supports organs and cells
Acts as a medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes
between the blood and tissues
Protects against microorganisms
Repairs damaged tissues
Stores fat

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4
Q

Describe the ECM

A

It is the major constituent of Connective tissue
It consists of different combinations of protein fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic) and ground substance.

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5
Q

What is ground substance of the ECM?

A

Ground substance is a colorless, highly hydrophilic, transparent, gel-like material in which the cells and fibers of connective tissue are embedded.

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6
Q

What is ground substance made up of?

A

It is a complex mixture of glycosaminoglycans,
proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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7
Q

Function of ground substance

A

i. lubricant
ii. Prevent invasion of tissues by foreign agents, and resists
forces of compression

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8
Q

Describe fibers in the ECM

A

Fibers are long, slender protein polymers present in different proportions in different types of connective tissue.

  • predominantly composed of collagen,
    constitute tendons, aponeuroses, capsules of organs and membranes that envelop the
    central nervous system (meninges)
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9
Q

Which fibers are formed by collagen

A

Collagen and reticular fibers

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10
Q

Fibers are distributed equally in the ECM TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE they are distributed unequally

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11
Q

4 major components of connective tissue

A

Fibroblast: originate form undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Macrophage
Mast cell
Plasma cell

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12
Q

What is cartilage?

A

It is an avascular specialized fibrous connective tissue characterized by an extracellular matrix (consisting of ground substance enriched with glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans) macromolecules that interact with protein fibers (collagen and elastic fibers).

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13
Q

Functions of cartilage

A

1. bear mechanical stresses without permanent distortion.
2. support soft tissues.
3. Because it is smooth surfaced and resilient, cartilage is a shock-absorbing and sliding area for joints and facilitates bone movements.
4. Essential for the development and growth of long bones both before and after birth

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14
Q

Function of chrondrocytes

A

synthesize and secrete the
extracellular matrix and the cells themselves are located in matrix cavities called lacunae

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15
Q

Where are chondrocytes located

A

Lacunae

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16
Q

Mechanisms of chondrogenesis

A

Interstitial Growth
Appostional Growth

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17
Q

Describe interstitial growth

A

Resulting from the mitotic
division of pre-existing chondrocytes.
It occurs only during the EARLY phases of cartilage formation

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18
Q

Where does interstitial growth occur?

A

in the epiphyseal plates of long bones
within articular cartilage.
In the epiphyseal plates for increasing the length of long
bones and in providing a cartilage model for endochondral bone formation

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19
Q

Describe appositional growth

A

resulting from the differentiation of perichondrial cells (aka chondroblast) located in the perichondrium
Cartilage then grows in girth (width) only by apposition.

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20
Q

What occurs during chondrogenesis?

A

During chondrogenesis,
chondroblast produce and deposit type II collagen fibers and ECM (hyaluronic acid and GAGs, mainly chondrotin and keratin sulfate) until chondroblasts are separated and trapped within spaces in the matrix called lacunae.
The cells are then called
chondrocytes
Each cluster of chondrocytes ( known as an isogeneous group) enveloped the territorial matrix is separated by a wide but pale interterritorial matrix

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21
Q

Which is the least important of the two processes of growth

A

Interstitial

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22
Q

Factor affecting chondogenesis (look for more in the textbook)

A

Cartilage growth depends mainly on the hypophyseal growth hormone somatotropin.
This hormone does not act directly on cartilage cells but
promotes the synthesis of somatomedin C in the liver.
Somatomedin C acts directly on cartilage cells, promoting their growth

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23
Q

What is the principal macromolecules present in all types of cartilage matrix?

A

Collagen
hyaluronic acid
proteoglycans
Glycoproteins (small qty)

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24
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

The perichondrium is a sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places, forming an interface between the cartilage and the tissue supported by the cartilage.
The perichondrium harbors the vascular supply for the avascular cartilage and also contains nerves and lymphatic vessels

25
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

26
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage in a fetus and adults

A

In fetus :
it serves as a temporary skeleton in the fetus before it is reabsorbed and replaced by bone through a process known as endochondral ossification.
In adults:
hyaline cartilage is located in the articular surfaces of the movable joints,
in the walls of larger respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
in the ventral ends of ribs, where they articulate with the sternum
in the epiphyseal plate, where it is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bone

27
Q

Features of hyaline cartilage

A

It is avascular
It is surrounded by perichondrium (except in articular cartilage). The perichondrium has an outer fibrous layer, an inner chondrogenic layer, and blood vessels
It consists of chondrocytes surrounded by territorial and interterritorial matrices containing type II collagen interacting with proteoglycans
It occurs in the temporary skeleton of the embryo, articular cartilage and the cartilage of the respiratory tract (nose, larynx,trachea, and bronchi) and costal cartilages.

28
Q

What does hyaline cartilage contain?

A

. Cells
2. Fibers (type II collagen synthesized by
chondrocytes)
3. ECM ( also synthesized by chondrocytes)
However, small amounts of collagen types IX, X, XI and others are frequently present
ECM contains hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans and high water content.
Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan characteristic of cartilage

29
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

The auricle of the ear,
Walls of the external auditory canals,
Auditory (eustachian) tubes
the epiglottis
the cuneiform cartilage in the larynx

30
Q

Difference between elastic and hyaline cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage is essentially identical to hyaline cartilage except that it contains an abundant network of fine elastic fibers in addition to collagen type II fibrils.

31
Q

Why is fresh elastic cartilage yellowish?

A

Fresh elastic cartilage has a yellowish color owing to the presence of elastin in the elastic fibers

32
Q

Features of elastic cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage has the following features:
It is avascular
It is surrounded by perichondrium
It consists of chondrocytes surrounded by
territorial and interterritorial matrices
containing type II interacting with
proteoglycans and elastic fibers which can be
stained by orcein for light microscopy.
It occurs in the external ear, epiglottis and
auditory tube

33
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Fibrocartilage is a tissue intermediate between dense connective tissue
and hyaline cartilage.

34
Q

Locations of fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral disks,
in attachments of certain ligaments to the cartilaginous surface of bones
in the symphysis pubis.
Fibrocartilage is always associated with dense connective tissue and the border areas between these two tissues are not clear-cut, showing a gradual transition.
Fibrocartilage contains chondrocytes, either singly or in isogenous groups, usually arranged in long rows separated by coarse collagen type I fibers.
Because it is rich in collagen type I, the fibrocartilage matrix is acidophilic.

34
Q

Locations of fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral disks,
in attachments of certain ligaments to the cartilaginous surface of bones
in the symphysis pubis.
Fibrocartilage is always associated with dense connective tissue and the border areas between these two tissues are not clear-cut, showing a gradual transition.
Fibrocartilage contains chondrocytes, either singly or in isogenous groups, usually arranged in long rows separated by coarse collagen type I fibers.
Because it is rich in collagen type I, the fibrocartilage matrix is acidophilic.

35
Q

Components of the intervertebral discs

A

the fibrous annulus fibrosus and the nucleus
pulposus

36
Q

Types of connective tissue cells and their examples

A

Fixed connective tissue cells
fibroblasts
pericytes
adipose cells
mast cells
fixed macrophages

37
Q

What are transient cells

A

These are cells which originate in the hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow and remain only temporarily in connective tissue

38
Q

Examples of transient cells

A

Certain macrophages
lymphocytes
plasma cells
neutrophils
Eosinophils
basophils

39
Q

Discuss fibroblasts

A

arise from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and are the predominant cells in connective tissue proper.
Often possess an oval nucleus with two or more nucleoli.
May differentiate into other cells
Fibroblasts synthesize collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins.
Responsible for the synthesis of extracellular matrix components.
Two stages of activity—active and quiescent

40
Q

Clinical consideration of fibroblasts

A

Fibroblasts undergo mitosis only during wound healing

41
Q

Difference between active and quiescent fibroblasts

A

Active fibroblast are spindle-shaped (fusiform) and contain well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and many golgi complexes with large ovoid nucleus and fine chromatin

Quiescent fibroblasts are elongated cells with thin cytoplasmic extensions and condensed chromatin.

42
Q

Describe adipose cells

A

Arise from mesenchymal cells and perhaps from fibroblasts
They do not normally undergo cell division because they are fully differentiated cells.
However, they do increase in number in early neonatal life.
They are surrounded by a basal lamina and are responsible for the synthesis, storage and release of fat

43
Q

Difference between Unilocular and multilocular adipose cells

A

a. Unilocular adipose cells (white adipose tissue)
contain a single large fat droplet.
(1) These cells have plasmalemma receptors for insulin, growth hormone, norepinephrine and glucocorticoids to control the uptake and release of free fatty acids and triglycerides.
(2) They are surrounded by a basal lamina and are responsible for the synthesis, storage and release of fat.
b. Multilocular adipose cells (brown adipose tissue) are smaller than unilocular adipose cells and the fat is stored as many small fat droplets, and thus the spherical nucleus is centrally located.

44
Q

Describe mast cells

A

arise from myeloid stem cells in bone marrow and
usually reside near small blood vessels.
They possess a central spherical nucleus; their cytoplasm is filled with coarse, deeply stained metachromatic granules
Their surfaces are folded, and in electron micrographs they have a well-developed Golgi complex, scant RER, and many dense lamellated granules. Two populations of mast cells exist.
Mast cells function in the localized release of many bioactive substances with roles in the inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair

45
Q

Types of mast cells and their function

A

Connective tissue mast cells possess secretory granules containing heparin.

The other population, the smaller mucosal mast cells whose secretory granules contain chondroitin sulfate, is located in the mucosa of the alimentary canal and of the respiratory tract.

46
Q

Discuss macrophages

A

Macrophages are the principal phagocytosing cells of
connective tissue.
They are responsible for removing large particulate matter and assisting in the immune response.
They also secrete substances that function in wound healing.
MACROPHAGES originate in the bone marrow as monocytes, circulate in the bloodstream, then migrate into the connective tissue, where they mature into functional macrophages.

47
Q

Different name is possessed by macrophages

A

Kupffer cells in the liver
osteoclast in the bone
microglia cell in the CNS

48
Q

Features of macrophages in the connected tissue

A

They contain abundant lysosomes required for the breakdown of phagocytic materials.
Active macrophages have numerous phagocytic vesicles (or phagosomes) for the transient storage of ingested materials.
The nucleus has an irregular outline.

49
Q

Describe lymphoid cells

A

Arise from lymphoid stem cells during hemopoiesis
They are located throughout the body in the subepithelial connective tissue and accumulate in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and elsewhere in areas of chronic inflammation.
a. T lymphocytes (T cells) initiate the cell-mediated immune response.
b. B lymphocytes (B cells), following activation by an antigen, differentiate into plasma cells, which function in the humoral immune response.
c. Natural killer cells (NK cells) lack the surface determinants characteristic of T and B lymphocytes but may display cytotoxic activity against tumor cells

50
Q

Describe plasma cells

A

are antibody-manufacturing cells that arise from activated B
lymphocytes and are responsible for humoral immunity.
a. These ovoid cells contain an eccentric nucleus possessing clumps of heterochromatin, which appear to be arranged in a wheel-spoke fashion.
b. Their cytoplasm is deeply basophilic because of an abundance of RER.
c. A prominent area adjacent to the nucleus appears pale and contains the Golgi complex (negative Golgi image).
d. They are most abundant at wound entry sites or in areas of chronic inflammation..

51
Q

Describe granulocytes

A

are white blood cells that possess cytoplasmic granules and arise from myeloid stem cells during hemopoiesis.
At sites of inflammation, they leave the bloodstream and enter the loose connective tissue, where they perform their specific functions .

52
Q

Types of granulocytes and their functions

A

Neutrophils phagocytose, kill, and digest bacteria at sites of acute inflammation.
b. Eosinophils bind to antigen–antibody complexes on the surface of parasites (e.g.,helminths) and then release cytotoxins that damage the parasites.
They are most prevalent at sites of chronic or allergic inflammation.
c. Basophils are similar to mast cells

53
Q

Describe loose connective tissue

A

contains more cells than collagen fibers
generally found in the mucosa and submucosa of various organs and surrounding blood vessels, nerves and muscles, papillary layer of the dermis, hypodermis, linings of the peritoneal, pleural cavities, glands, mucous membranes supporting the epithelial cells.
Well vascularized, flexible, and not very resistant to stress.

• It usually supports epithelial tissue
• It is more abundant than dense connective
tissue
• The most numerous cells are fibroblasts and macrophages, but other types of connective tissue cells are also present.
• Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers also appear in this tissue.

54
Q

Which cartilage is devoid of perichondrium

A

Articular cartilage

55
Q

Discuss the structural glycoprotein chondronectin

A

A macromolecule that binds to glycosaminoglycan‘s and collagen type II mediating the Terrance of chondrocytes to the extra cellular matrix

56
Q

What is a major characteristic of the cartilage matrix surrounding each chondrocytes

A

The cartilage matrix surrounding each chondrocytes is rich in glycosaminoglycan and poor in collagen

This capsular matrix stains differently

57
Q

Role if intervertebral discs

A

Act as a lubricated cushion that prevents adjacent vertebrae from being eroded by abrasive forces during movements of the spinal column

58
Q

Classification of CT

A

Embryonic connective tissue
■ Connective tissue proper
■ Specialized connective tissue

Anatomy (17 decks)

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