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Anatomy > ANA 201 Upper Limb (Muscles of the shoulder, clavicle and glenohumeral joint) > Flashcards

ANA 201 Upper Limb (Muscles of the shoulder, clavicle and glenohumeral joint) Flashcards

1
Q

the upper limb is divided into

A

shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

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2
Q

what joint is the upper limb suspended by?

A

sternoclavicular joint ( an articulation between the sternum and clavicle

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3
Q

what are the significant areas of transition in the upper limb?

A

axilla, cubital fossa and carpel tunnel

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4
Q

the shoulder consists of the…

A

pectoral girdle (the scapula and clavicle) which also articulates with the proximal end of the humerus

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5
Q

superficial muscles of the shoulder consist of…

A

the trapezius and deltoid muscles

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6
Q

the trapezius and deltoid muscles connect the scapula and clavicle to what?

A

the trapezius and deltoid muscles connect the scapula and clavicle to the trunk and to the arm, respectively

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7
Q

which bone is the only bony attachment between the trunk and the upper limb?

A

clavicle

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8
Q

what forms the sternoclavicular (SC) joint and where is it located?

A

sternum and clavicle, where the medial region of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

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9
Q

what forms the acromioclavicular (AC) joint and where is it located?

A

acromion and clavicle, where the lateral region of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula

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10
Q

describe the characteristic s-shape of the clavicle

A

The medial two-thirds of the body (shaft) of the clavicle are convex anteriorly, whereas the lateral third is flattened and concave anteriorly.
These curvatures increases the resilience of the clavicle and give it the appearance of an elongated capital “S.”

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11
Q

the clavicle has no medullary (marrow) cavity - true/false

A

true

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12
Q

why is the inferior surface of the clavicle rough

A

The inferior surface of the clavicle is rough because strong ligaments bind it to the 1st rib near its sternal end and suspend the scapula from its acromial end

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13
Q

The greater and lesser tubercles are prominent landmarks on the proximal end of the humerus and serve as attachment sites for the…

A

four rotator cuff muscles of the glenohumeral joint

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14
Q

The greater tubercle of the humerus is medial in position TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE it is lateral in position

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15
Q

What are the 3 facets for muscle tendon attatchment of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

1.the superior facet is for attachment of the supraspinatus muscle;
2.the middle facet is for attachment of infraspinatus;
3.the inferior facet is for attachment of teres minor.

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16
Q

what is the muscle attached to the surface marked by a large smooth impression on the lesser tubercle?

A

subscapularis muscle

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17
Q

What separates the greater and lesser tubercles?

A

A deep intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) separates the lesser and greater tubercles

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18
Q

why was the bicipital groove given its name?

A

The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passes through this sulcus

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19
Q

Roughening’s on the LATERAL lips of the intertubercular sulcus marks sites for the attachment of

A

Pectoralis major

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20
Q

Roughening’s on the MEDIAL lips of the intertubercular sulcus marks sites for the attachment of

A

Teres Major

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21
Q

Roughening’s on the FLOOR of the intertubercular sulcus marks sites for the attachment of

A

latissimus dorsi muscles

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22
Q

where does the deltoid muscle insert onto the humerus

A

lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus, on the deltoid tuberosity

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23
Q

where does the coracobrachialis muscle attach on the humerus?

A

but on the medial surface of the bone, there is a thin vertical roughening for attachment of the coracobrachialis muscle.

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24
Q

Which site of the humerus commonly fractures?

A

surgical neck

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25
Q

What is myology?

A

Myology is the branch of anatomy that studies or describes the function and structures of the muscle

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26
Q

How many skeletal muscles do we have?

A

More than 600 skeletal muscles

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27
Q

Three principal functions of muscles

A

(1) movement,
(2) heat production,
(3) body support and maintenance of posture.

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28
Q

What are the basic properties that characterize all muscle tissue?

A

Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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29
Q

What are the 3 basic muscle types?

A

Skeletal/Straited/Voluntary.
Visceral/Smooth/Involuntary.
Cardiac muscle

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30
Q

What are the 2 muscular parts of the shoulder region?

A

Thoracoappendicular and scapulohumeral region (glenohumeral)

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31
Q

Which anterior thoracoappendicular muscles move the pectoral girdle?

A

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior

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32
Q

What are the 2 origins of the pectoralis major?

A

Clavicular head (anterior
surface of medial half of
clavicle)

Sternocostal head (anterior of sternum) and costal cartilages of ribs 1-6
(aponeurosis of external oblique muscles)

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33
Q

Insertion of the pectoralis MAJOR is located…

A

Lateral lip of intertubercular
sulcus or bicipital groove of the humerus

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34
Q

Insertion of the pectoralis MINOR is located…

A

Medial border and superior
surface of coracoid process
of scapula

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35
Q

Action of the pectoralis minor

A

Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall

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36
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

3rd to 5th ribs NEAR
their costal cartilages

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37
Q

What is the origin of the subclavius?

A

Junction of 1st rib and
its costal cartilage

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38
Q

Where is the insertion of the subclavius?

A

Inferior surface of middle
third of clavicle

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39
Q

Origin of the serratus anterior

A

External surfaces of lateral
parts of 1st to 8th ribs

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40
Q

Insertion of the Serratus anterior

A

Anterior surface of medial
border of scapula

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41
Q

Action of Serratus anterior

A

Protracts scapula and holds
it against thoracic wall;
rotates

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42
Q

Which muscles provide the characteristic contour of the shoulder?

A

Deltoid and trapezius muscles

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43
Q

the trapezius attaches the scapula and clavicle to the_

A

Trunk

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44
Q

the deltoid attaches the scapula and clavicle to the_

A

Humerus

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45
Q

The scapula covers _to_ribs

A

2nd - 7th ribs

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46
Q

What are the three angles of the scapula?

A

Lateral
Superior
Inferior

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47
Q

What are the three borders of the scapula?

A

Superior
Medial
Lateral

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48
Q

What are the two surfaces of the scapula?

A

Costal/anterior
Posterior

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49
Q

What are the three processes of the scapula?

A

Acromion
Spine
Coracoid process

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50
Q

The spine divides the convex posterior surface is divided into the

A

Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa

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51
Q

Superiorlaterally is a structure that articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

A

Glenoid cavity

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52
Q

Projecting anterolaterally to the glenoid cavity is the

A

Coracoid process

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53
Q

The median border is also known as the

A

Vertebrae border

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54
Q

The median border of the scapula is thick

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE it is thin, the lateral border of the scapula is thick

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55
Q

What is the thinnest border of the scapula?

A

Superior border

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56
Q

The fracture of the scapula typically involves the

A

protruding subcutaneous acromion

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57
Q

What is the name of the notch on the superior border?

A

Suprascapula notch

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58
Q

The supraspinous fossa allows attachment to which muscle?

A

Supraspinatous muscle

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59
Q

The infraspinous fossa allows attachment to which muscle?

A

Infraspinatus

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60
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thoracoappendicular region of the shoulder?

A

Trapezius
Deltoid
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major

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61
Q

Which 3 muscles work with the trapezius (and some anterior muscles) to position the scapula on the trunk?

A

Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major

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62
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior scapulohumeral region?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Teres major
Long head of tricep brachii

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63
Q

List the rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

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64
Q

Define the glenohumeral joint

A

The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint that permits a wide range of movement(it is multiaxial); however, the mobility makes the joint relatively unstable.

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65
Q

What is the articulation of a glenohumeral joint?

A

the large spherical head of the humerus and the small glenoid cavity of the scapula and the glenoid labrum.
Each of the surfaces is covered by hyaline cartilage.

66
Q

What is the glenoid labrum and its function?

A

The glenoid labrum is fibrocartilaginous tissue within the glenoid cavity of the shoulder joint. The purpose of the glenoid labrum is to provide stability and shock absorption within the joint

67
Q

Discuss the capsule of the glenohumeral joint

A

CAPSULE; a loose fibrous capsule surrounds the glenohumeral joint and is attached;
1. Medially to the margin of the glenoid cavity.
2. Laterally to the anatomical neck of the humerus.
3. Superiorly, the capsule encroaches on the root of the coracoid process so that the fibrous capsule encloses the proximal attachment of the long head of biceps brachii- supraglenoid tubercle of scapula.

68
Q

Types of ligaments in the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenohumeral ligament (superior, middle, and inferior)
Coracohumeral ligament
transverse humeral ligament

69
Q

The glenohumeral joint is innervated by

A

The suprascapular,
Axillary,
Lateral pectoral and
Branches from the posterior cord of brachial plexus.

70
Q

State Hiltons Law

A

For every nerve that passes a particular joint, the nerve must give supply to that joint irrespective of the final destination of the nerve

71
Q

Which nerve passes through the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

Axillary

72
Q

What are the movements allowed by the glenohumeral joint?

A

Flexion-extension
Abduction-adduction
Rotation (medial and lateral) of the humerus
Circumduction

73
Q

What muscles are involved in the flexion allowed by the glenohumeral joint?

A

clavicular part of the pectorialis major.
The anterior fibre of deltoid muscle.
Coracobrachialis.
Biceps brachii.Both are synergists.

74
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures
Syndemoses
Gonphoses

75
Q

When do sutures form in children?

A

18 months

76
Q

Sutures replace_in the development of a child’s skull

A

Pliable fontanel

77
Q

What are some types of sutures?

A

Squamous
Serrate
plane

78
Q

What are syndesmoses joints held together by?

A

interosseous ligament

79
Q

Where can a syndesmoses joint be found?

A

In the forearm between the distal parts of the radius and ulna and in the leg between the distal parts of the tibia and fibula

80
Q

Which fibrous joint occurs between teeth and supporting bones of the jaw?

A

gomphoses

81
Q

What is the dentoalveolar joint?

A

where the root of a tooth is attached to the periodontal ligament of the dental alveolus tooth socket of the bone.

82
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphyses
Synchondrosis

83
Q

Example of symphyses joints

A

pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc.

84
Q

Example of synchondroses

A

joints within the ribs joining the sternum, and rib-rib joint.

85
Q

The glenoid cavity is deepened and expanded peripherally by a fibro-cartilaginous collar, which attaches to the margin of the fossa. This is called

A

The glenoid labrum

86
Q

Where does the glenohumeral ligament pass?

A

between the superomedial margin of the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle of the humerus.

87
Q

Where does the corocohumeral ligament pass?

A

found superiorly between the base of the coracoid process and the greater tubercle of the humerus.

88
Q

Where does the transverse ligament pass?

A

a broad fibrous band that runs obliquely from the greater to the lesser tubercle of the humerus, bridging over the intertubercular groove.

89
Q

Which ligament turns the intertubercular sulcus into a canal?

A

The transverse ligament converts the groove into a canal that holds the synovial sheath and tendon of the biceps brachii in place during movements of the glenohumeral joint.

90
Q

Origin of the levator scapulae

A

Transverse process of cervical vertebrae C1-C4

91
Q

Insertion of levator scapulae

A

Medial border of the scapula between superior angle and the root of the spinous process

92
Q

Innervation of levator scapulae

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

93
Q

Action of levator scapulae

A

elevation and medial rotation of the scapula

94
Q

Origin of the Rhomboid minor

A

Lower end of ligamentum nuchae/nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 and TI vertebrae

95
Q

Insertion of rhomboid minor

A

posterior surface of the medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine

96
Q

Innervation of rhomboid minor

A

dorsal scapular nerve C4. C5

97
Q

Action of rhomboid minor

A

retraction and elevation of the scapula

98
Q

Origin of rhomboid major

A

Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae and intervening supraspinous ligaments

99
Q

Insertion of rhomboid major

A

medial border of the scapula, inferior to the root of the spine to the inferior angle of the scapula

100
Q

Innervation of the rhomboid major

A

dorsal scapular nerve C4.C5

101
Q

Innervation of the rhomboid major

A

dorsal scapular nerve C4.C5

102
Q

Action of the rhomboid major

A

Elevates and retracts the scapula

103
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior scapulohumeral region?

A

Teres major
Teres minor
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

104
Q

Which 3 muscles work with trapezius (and with muscles found anteriorly) to position the scapula on the trunk

A

Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Levator Scapulae

105
Q

Origin of supraspinatus

A

Medial two-thirds of the supra-spinous fossa of the scapula and the deep fascia that covers the muscle

106
Q

Insertion of supraspinatus

A

Most superior facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus

107
Q

Innervation of supraspinatus

A

Suprascapular nerve [C5,C6]

108
Q

Action of supraspinatus

A

Rotator cuff muscle; initiation of abduction of arm to 15° at gleno-humeral joint

109
Q

Origin of infraspinatus

A

Medial two-thirds of the infra-spinous fossa of the scapula and the deep fascia that covers the muscle

110
Q

Insertion of infraspinatus

A

Middle facet on posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus

111
Q

Innervation of infraspinatus

A

Suprascapular nerve [C5,C6]

112
Q

Action of infraspinatus

A

Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint

113
Q

Origin of Teres minor

A

Lateral 1/3 of the lateral margin of the scapula

114
Q

Insertion of the teres minor

A

Inferior facet on the posterior surface of the greater tubercle of the humerus

115
Q

Innervation of teres minor

A

Axillary nerve [C5,6]

116
Q

Action of the teres minor

A

Rotator cuff muscle; lateral rotation of arm at the glenohumeral joint

117
Q

Origin of teres major

A

posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula

118
Q

Insertion of teres major

A

Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus

119
Q

Action of teres major

A

Medial rotation and extension of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

120
Q

In what kind of places can you find bursae?

A

Bursae are located where tendons rub against bone, ligaments, or other tendons and where skin moves over a bony prominence

121
Q

Bursa around glenohumeral joint

A

Subscapular bursa
Subacromial/subdeltoid bursa

121
Q

Bursa around glenohumeral joint

A

Subscapular bursa
Subacromial/subdeltoid bursa

122
Q

What type of ligaments are the Glenohumeral and transverse humeral?

A

Capsular ligaments

123
Q

The coracohumeral ligament is what type of ligament?

A

Accessary ligament

124
Q

What is the role of the transverse humeral ligament

A

Prevents the displacement of the long head tendon of the biceps brachii muscle, from the sulcus

125
Q

The role of the coracohumeral ligament

A

It acts to limit inferior translation and excessive external rotation of the humerus

126
Q

The role of the glenohumeral ligaments

A

They have a weak stabilizing function, each acting to limit the maximum amplitude of certain arm movements

127
Q

What part is the superior border of the trapezius inserted into?

A

Posterior border of the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle

128
Q

Where do the middle fibers of the trapezius insert?

A

The medial margin of the acromion

129
Q

Where do the inferior fibers of the trapezius insert?

A

Superior edge of the crest of the scapula spine

130
Q

Innervation of the trapezius

A

Cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)

131
Q

Action of the superior fibers of the trapezius

A

Elevates shoulder
Extension of the neck and lateral flexión of the neck

132
Q

Action of the middle and lower fibers of the trapezius

A
  1. Powerful elevator of the scapula;
  2. rotates the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal;
  3. middle fibers retract scapula;
  4. lower fibers depress scapula
133
Q

Action Middle fibers

A

Retraction of the scapula during adduction

134
Q

Action of lower fibers of the trapezius

A

Depress scapula

135
Q

What is the action of the clavicular head and sternocostal head of the pectoralis major?

A

Clavicular head: flexion of humerus
Sternocostal head: extension of humerus (but only back to the anatomical position)

136
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major (both heads together)?

A

adduction and medial rotation of the humerus

137
Q

Innervation of pectoralis major

A

Lateral and medial
pectoral nerves;
clavicular head (C5 and C6),
sternocostal head (C7, C8, and T1)

137
Q

Innervation of pectoralis minor

A

Medial pectoral nerve
(C8 and T1)

138
Q

Innervation of subclavius

A

Nerve to subclavius (from upper trunk of brachial plexus)
(C5 and C6)

139
Q

Action of subclavius

A

Anchors and depresses
clavicle

140
Q

The pectoralis minor and subclavius are underneath the pectoralis major TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

141
Q

Innervation of serratus anterior

A

Long thoracic nerve
(C5, C6, and C7)

142
Q

Origin of deltoid muscle

A

Anterior head: Originates from the anterior border of the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
Middle head: Originates from the acromion
Posterior head: Originates from the spine of the scapula

143
Q

Insertion of deltoid muscle

A

Deltoid tuberosity (3 heads converge as a single tendon)

144
Q

Action of deltoid muscle

A

Major abductor of the arm beyond 15 degrees (between 15-100 degrees)

145
Q

Action of the anterior head of the deltoid muscle

A

Horizontal flexion
Flexion
Adduction
medial rotation

146
Q

Action of posterior head of the deltoid muscle

A

Horizontal extension
Extension
Adduction
Lateral rotation

147
Q

Action of middle head of the deltoid muscle

A

Abduction

148
Q

Innervation of the deltoid muscle

A

Axillary Nerve C5 C6

149
Q

Describe the glenohumeral ligament

A

The glenohumeral ligaments are three fibrous bands.
●Anterosuperiorly found in three locations to form superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments, which pass between the superomedial margin of the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle of the humerus.

150
Q

Describe the coracohumeral ligament

A

The coracohumeral ligament; found superiorly between the base of the coracoid process and the greater tubercle of the humerus.

151
Q

Describe the transverse humeral ligament

A

The transverse humeral ligament

a broad fibrous band that runs obliquely from the greater to the lesser tubercle of the humerus, bridging over the intertubercular groove.
●The ligament converts the groove into a canal that holds the synovial sheath and tendon of the biceps brachii in place during movements of the glenohumeral joint.

152
Q

Which arteries take part in the scapula anastomosis?

A

Suprascapular artery
deep branch of transverse cervical artery subscapular artery

153
Q

suprascapular artery (scapula anastomosis)

A

The suprascapular artery is from the thyrocervical trunk of the first part of the subclavian artery.
Above the suprascapular fossa ( and ligament) to reach the supraspinous fossa, then it curves around the spinoglenoid notch to reach the infraspinous fossa.

154
Q

deep branch of transverse cervical artery (scapula anastomoses)

A

The deep branch of the transverse cervical artery which is also a branch of the thyrocervical trunk.
The artery descends along the medial border of the scapula deep to the levator scapulae and rhomboids (sometimes the artery may arise from the third part of the subclavian artery and is known as dorsal scapular artery.

155
Q

subscapular artery (scapula anastomoses)

A

The subscapular artery from third part of axillary artery.

Its circumflex scapular branches passes between the two origins of teres minor muscle, enters infraspinous fossa.

Lateral border of scapula

156
Q

Scapular anastomosis is principally formed between

A

The first part of the subclavian artery and third part of the axillary artery

157
Q

Two sites of the scapula anastomoses

A

Body of the scapula
Around the acromion

158
Q

Where is the weakest part of the clavicle which is more susceptible to fracture?

A

The weakest part of the clavicle is the junction of its middle and lateral thirds which makes this point more susceptible to fracture

159
Q

Describe the scapula

A

The scapula or shoulder blade is a triangular flat bone that lies at the posterolateral aspect of the thorax where it covers the 2nd-7th ribs

160
Q

Describe the scapula

A

The scapula or shoulder blade is a triangular flat bone that lies at the posterolateral aspect of the thorax where it covers the 2nd-7th ribs

Anatomy (17 decks)

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