ANA 201 Introduction to anatomy

Question 1

Anatomical position

Answer 1

A situation when a person standing upright feet together (toes pointing forward) hands by the side (palms of hand forward) and the face looking forward. The mouth is closed and facial expression is neutral

Question 2

Supine position

Answer 2

When lying in anatomical position but facing upward

Question 3

Prone position

Answer 3

When lying in anatomical position but facing downward

Question 4

Median plane

Answer 4

Vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body and its anatomical position dividing the body into two equal halves i.e. left and right

Question 5

Sagittal plane

Answer 5

Vertical plane passing parallel to the median plane

Question 6

Coronal Plane

Answer 6

Vertical plane passing through the body at right angle to the median plane does dividing the body into anterior and posterior

Question 7

Transverse plane

Answer 7

Horizontal plane passing through the body at right angle to the median and coronal plane, thus dividing the body into superior and inferior upper and lower parts

Question 8

Terms used in dissections to describe the position of one structure with respect to another

Answer 8

Superficial, intermediate and deep

Question 9

Medial

Answer 9

A term used to indicate that a structure is near or nearer to the median place of the body e.g. the little finger

Question 10

Lateral

Answer 10

Stipulates the structure is farther away from the median plane E.g. the thumb

Question 11

Posterior

Answer 11

Denotes the back surface of the body or nearer to the back

Question 12

Anterior

Answer 12

Denotes the front surface of the body and ventral is equivalent to anterior

Question 13

Inferior

Answer 13

Refers to a structure that is situated near the soles of the feet. Caudal pertains to the tail and is a useful directional term when referring to the tail or trunk region (used by embryologist)

Question 14

What is human anatomy

Answer 14

The medical science concerned with the study of the structure and relation and functions of it’s constituent parts

Question 15

Disciplines in anatomy

Answer 15

Gross
Histology
Embryology
Neuroanatomy

Question 16

Approaches to the study of gross anatomy

Answer 16

Upper and lower extremities
back
head and neck
thorax abdomen pelvis and perineum

Question 17

Purpose of foxglove

Answer 17

To slow heart

Question 18

Greeks 4 body humors 1200-200BC

Answer 18

Blood/sangius - liver
Phlegm/phelgma- lungs
Yellow bile/chole- gallbladder
Black bike/melanchole- spleen

Question 19

Hippocrates

Answer 19

Father of medicine
460-377BC

Question 20

Aristotle

Answer 20

Wrote first known account of embryology (with chicks)
384-332 BC
Proclaimed the heart to be the seat of intelligence
Thought that the function of the brain was to maintain body temperature

Question 21

Herophilus

Answer 21

304 BC
Gave rise to the term anatomy
Court physician
Began dissection of cadavers

Described anatomical structures
1. Brain and it’s meninges
2. Vascular network and venous sinuses and their confluence (Torcular herophili)
3. Nerves which he distinguished from tendons
4. Differentiated arteries from veins
5. Discovered prostrate and duodenum

Question 22

Claudius Galen

Answer 22

Roman physician
120 - 200AD
Team doctor for gladiators
Proved that arteries carry blood not air
Believed blood originated in the liver

Question 23

Omi animal ex ovo meaning

Answer 23

All life originates from an egg

Question 24

What is flexion?

Answer 24

Flexion indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.

Question 25

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 25

Describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the toes off the ground.

Question 26

What is plantarflexion?

Answer 26

Turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (e.g., when standing on your toes).

Question 27

What is extension?

Answer 27

Extension indicates straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.

Question 28

What is hyperextension?

Answer 28

occurs when a part of the body is extended beyond the anatomical position so that the joint angle is greater than 180°.

Question 29

What is abduction?

Answer 29

Means moving away from the median plane in the coronal plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb away from the side of the body).

Question 30

What is adduction?

Answer 30

Means moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb toward the side of the body).

Question 31

What is rotation?

Answer 31

Involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one’s head to the side.

Question 32

What is inversion?

Answer 32

Inversion moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane (facing the sole medially). When the foot is fully inverted it is also plantarflexed.

Question 33

What is eversion?

Answer 33

Eversion moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane (turning the sole laterally). When the foot is fully everted it is also dorsiflexed.

Question 34

What is opposition?

Answer 34

Is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad.

Question 35

What is reposition?

Answer 35

describes the movement of the 1st digit away from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.

Question 36

What is protusion?

Answer 36

Is a movement anteriorly (forward) as occurs in protruding the mandible (sticking the chin out).

Question 37

What is retrusion?

Answer 37

is a movement posteriorly (backward) as occurs in retruding the mandible (tucking the chin in).

Question 38

What is pronation?

Answer 38

Is the movement of the forearm and hand that rotates the radius medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly

Question 39

What is supination?

Answer 39

Is the movement of the forearm and hand that rotates the radius laterally so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly (i.e., moving them into the anatomical position).