ANA 201 Introduction to anatomy Flashcards
Anatomical position
A situation when a person standing upright feet together (toes pointing forward) hands by the side (palms of hand forward) and the face looking forward. The mouth is closed and facial expression is neutral
Supine position
When lying in anatomical position but facing upward
Prone position
When lying in anatomical position but facing downward
Median plane
Vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body and its anatomical position dividing the body into two equal halves i.e. left and right
Sagittal plane
Vertical plane passing parallel to the median plane
Coronal Plane
Vertical plane passing through the body at right angle to the median plane does dividing the body into anterior and posterior
Transverse plane
Horizontal plane passing through the body at right angle to the median and coronal plane, thus dividing the body into superior and inferior upper and lower parts
Terms used in dissections to describe the position of one structure with respect to another
Superficial, intermediate and deep
Medial
A term used to indicate that a structure is near or nearer to the median place of the body e.g. the little finger
Lateral
Stipulates the structure is farther away from the median plane E.g. the thumb
Posterior
Denotes the back surface of the body or nearer to the back
Anterior
Denotes the front surface of the body and ventral is equivalent to anterior
Inferior
Refers to a structure that is situated near the soles of the feet. Caudal pertains to the tail and is a useful directional term when referring to the tail or trunk region (used by embryologist)
What is human anatomy
The medical science concerned with the study of the structure and relation and functions of it’s constituent parts
Disciplines in anatomy
Gross
Histology
Embryology
Neuroanatomy
Approaches to the study of gross anatomy
Upper and lower extremities
back
head and neck
thorax abdomen pelvis and perineum
Purpose of foxglove
To slow heart
Greeks 4 body humors 1200-200BC
Blood/sangius - liver
Phlegm/phelgma- lungs
Yellow bile/chole- gallbladder
Black bike/melanchole- spleen
Hippocrates
Father of medicine
460-377BC
Aristotle
Wrote first known account of embryology (with chicks)
384-332 BC
Proclaimed the heart to be the seat of intelligence
Thought that the function of the brain was to maintain body temperature
Herophilus
304 BC
Gave rise to the term anatomy
Court physician
Began dissection of cadavers
Described anatomical structures
1. Brain and it’s meninges
2. Vascular network and venous sinuses and their confluence (Torcular herophili)
3. Nerves which he distinguished from tendons
4. Differentiated arteries from veins
5. Discovered prostrate and duodenum
Claudius Galen
Roman physician
120 - 200AD
Team doctor for gladiators
Proved that arteries carry blood not air
Believed blood originated in the liver
Omi animal ex ovo meaning
All life originates from an egg
What is flexion?
Flexion indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
What is dorsiflexion?
Describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the toes off the ground.
What is plantarflexion?
Turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (e.g., when standing on your toes).
What is extension?
Extension indicates straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
What is hyperextension?
occurs when a part of the body is extended beyond the anatomical position so that the joint angle is greater than 180°.
What is abduction?
Means moving away from the median plane in the coronal plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb away from the side of the body).
What is adduction?
Means moving toward the median plane in a coronal plane (e.g., when moving an upper limb toward the side of the body).
What is rotation?
Involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, such as turning one’s head to the side.
What is inversion?
Inversion moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane (facing the sole medially). When the foot is fully inverted it is also plantarflexed.
What is eversion?
Eversion moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane (turning the sole laterally). When the foot is fully everted it is also dorsiflexed.
What is opposition?
Is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad.
What is reposition?
describes the movement of the 1st digit away from the position of opposition back to its anatomical position.
What is protusion?
Is a movement anteriorly (forward) as occurs in protruding the mandible (sticking the chin out).
What is retrusion?
is a movement posteriorly (backward) as occurs in retruding the mandible (tucking the chin in).
What is pronation?
Is the movement of the forearm and hand that rotates the radius medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly
What is supination?
Is the movement of the forearm and hand that rotates the radius laterally so that the dorsum of the hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly (i.e., moving them into the anatomical position).
