Amines amino acids and polymers

Question 1

Are amines acidic or basic and why?

Answer 1

Amines are basic as their lone pair on N attracts protons.

Question 2

What is produced when amines react with dilute acids, and what sort of reaction is it?

Answer 2

A salt is produced when amines react with dilute acids
In a neutralisation reaction.

Question 3

How are primary aliphatic amines produced?

Answer 3

Haloalkanes are heated with excess ethanolic ammonia, to produce an ammonium salt.
NaOH is then used to produce the primary amine from the ammonium salt.

Question 4

How are secondary amines (aliphatic) made?

Answer 4

Haloalkanes are reacted with primary amines.
NaOH is then used to produce the secondary amine from its ammonium salt.

Question 5

How are tertiary amines (aliphatic) made?

Answer 5

Haloalkanes are reacted with secondary amines.
NaOH is the used to produce the tertiary amine from its ammonium salt.

Question 6

How are aromatic amines made

Answer 6

Nitro compound (aromatic) is heated under reflux with tin and hydrochloric (HCl) acid to form a phenylammonium salt.
NaOH is then used to produce the aromatic amine.

Question 7

A general structural formula of amino acids can be written as?

Answer 7

RCH(NH₂)COOH

Question 8

What two reactions occur with the carboxylic group in amino acids?

Answer 8

reactions with aqueous alkali, to form salt and water
reactions with alcohols to form esters and water

Question 9

What reaction happens with the amine group in amino acids and why?

Answer 9

The amine group is basic and will react with acids to form a salt and water.

Question 10

Other than the carboxylic group losing an OH to form an ester what happens to the amino acid in esterification

Answer 10

amine group NH₂ gains a H+ from the sulfuric acid to make a NH₃⁺ on the front of the amino acid.

Question 11

What is optical isomerism?

Answer 11

A type of sterioisomerism. Where a carbon is bonded to four different atoms/groups.
Resulting in two different, non superimposeable mirror image structures.

Question 12

Why is carbon carbon bond formatiin useful?

Answer 12

Increases the carbon chain length allowing for the production of new compounds.

Question 13

Describe the two ways to form nitriles

Answer 13

1. Haloalkanes react with sodium cyanide and ethanol.
2. Ketones and aldehydes react with sodium cyanide and sulfuric acid

Question 14

What are nitriles reduced to?

Answer 14

Amines

Question 15

Describe the process of reducing nitriles

Answer 15

The nitrile is reduced to amines in the presence of hydrogen using a nickle catalyst.

Question 16

What are nitriles hydrolysed to?

Answer 16

Hydrocarbons

Question 17

How are nitriles hydrolysed?

Answer 17

Nitriles are heated with an aqueous acid to form a carboxylic acid.

Question 18

What are two ways in which carbon carbon bonds are formed on benzene?

Answer 18

Alkylation and acylation

Question 19

Describe the process of acylation of benzene

Answer 19

Benzene reacts with an acyl chloride with an aluminium chloride catalyst, AlCl3.
Producing a ketone.

Question 20

Describe the process of alkylation of benzene

Answer 20

Benzene reacts with a haloalkane, said halogen is then used as the catalyst of either AlCl3 or AlBr3.
Producing an alkyl group on benzene