American Revolution/Enlightenment Flashcards
Geocentric
A model of the solar system placing earth at the center of
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish mathematician, wrote on the revolution of the heavenly spheres, proposed sun-centered universe
Heliocentric
A model of the universe where the sun is at the cneter
Johannes Kepler
German mathematician who destroyed Ptolemaic system
Ptolemaic
A model of the universe made by Ptolemy/christianity/aristotle
Galileo
European, used telescope, saw earths moon, destroyed a Ptolemaic system
Vesalius
Dissected bodies with Harvey, described organs and structures
William Harvey
Dissected bodies with Vesalius, realized hearts did circulation
Robert Boyle
Did controlled experiments on chemistry, gas volume->pressure on it
Margret Cavendish
Female scientist who thought people could control nature with science, thought women could do as well as men with proper schooling
Maria Winklemann
German female scientist who discovered a comet, worked with her husband to be seen as real scientist
Rene Decartes
French philosopher, focused on doubt (discourse on method)
Rationalism
System of belief, saying reason is the chief source of information
Scientific method
A procedure for collecting/analyzing data
Francis Bacon
Under qualified English philosopher, inductive reasoning
Issac Newton
A math professor who defined 3 laws or motion for Earth objects/planetary objects
Inductive reasoning
System of reasoning using hypotheses and observations to prove somethijg
Reason
Application of scientific method to understand life
John Locke
Thought people were formed by their surroundings (essay concerning human understanding)
Philosophe
Intellectuals of the Enlightenment
Montesquieu
French noble, studies government (spirit of the law)
Separation of powers
The checks and balances system for the government
Isaac newton
Scientist saying natural laws can be uncovered by systematic investigation
Voltaire
French man who criticized Christianity and religious intolerance in France
Deism
A religious philosophy based on reason/natural law used by Voltaire
Denis Diterot
The author who wrote “the encyclopedia”, wanted to change general way of thinking
Adam smith
A Scottish philosopher who was a founder of social science/economics
Casare Beccaria
A philosophe against brutal /capital punishment
Laissez faire
Doctrine saying the state shouldn’t impose regulations on the economy (to let the people do what they want)
Jean Jacques Rousseau
French philosophe of later enlightenment, felt people were enslaved by the government
Social contract
When society is governed by its general will
Mary Wollstonecraft
English writer, seen as European/American founder of women rights movement
Salon
Rooms in upper class houses, used to spread enlightenment ideas
John Wesley
The creator of Methodism, catered to the lower class
Enlightened absolutism
A type of monarchy where the ruler used enlightenment ideas with royal powers
Frederick William 1
A Prussian king who maintained civil workers and made a large army
Frederick the great
Prussian king, big on enlightenment ideas, put nobility into army, religious tolerance
Maria Teresa
Empress of Austria, strengthened state, improved serf conditions
Joseph 2
Maries son, reason, abolished serfdom, religious tolerance, equality before law
Catherine the great
Russian ruler, originally liked reform ideas but did nothing
Rococo
An art style that spread across Europe, gentile actions, highly secular
Antoine Watteau
Rococo artist, painted “happy” upper class portraits with sad undertones
Giovanni Batista Tiepolo
Artist who did wall and ceiling frescos, made largest ceiling fresco
Bach
Musical composer, “greatest composer”
Handel
German, religious composer
Haydn
Musical director
Mozart
A child prodigy, wrote 3 of the greatest operas
Henry Fielding
English author, characters used no morals (only wit) to succeed
Hanoverians
Dynasty after Stuart line, from Germany
Queen Anne
Last Stuart member, died without heir
Robert Walpole
Head of cabinet (prime minister) middle class increased under him
George 3
King of England during American revolution
George Washington
Commander of the Continental Army
Thomas Jefferson
The writer of the Declaration of Independence, minister of France
General Cornwallis
The British general, surrendered to America and France at Yorktown
Federal system
When the national and state government share power
