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US History 1 - college > American Civilization > Flashcards

American Civilization Flashcards

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1
Q

why is there only six thousand years of recorded history?

A

because that is how old the world is

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2
Q

two worlds collided 500 years ago, what were those two worlds

A

the Old and New worlds

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3
Q

how did the Natives first get to North America?

A

by a land bridge called “Beringia” that connected Siberia and Alaska

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4
Q

what were the Nomadic hunters following when they crossed the land bridge?

A

they were following the migrating animals (food)

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5
Q

who were the last Natives to migrate and settle down?

A

the Inuits (Alaskan natives)

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6
Q

how many languages were there in North America by 1492

A

there were over 54 million natives and over 2000 languages

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7
Q

what crop changed the Nomadic lifestyle of the Natives?

A

maize (corn). they could finally settle down and grow their own food

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8
Q

what were the three largest civilizations?

A
  1. Inca - Peru
  2. Aztec - Mexico
  3. Mayans - Central America
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9
Q

what were the “three sister crops”?

A

beans, maize and squash

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10
Q

what were the two oldest groups in the USA

A
  1. the Anasazi - the “ancient ones”

2. the Mound Builders - Mississippians

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11
Q

5 Major groups (Regions) of Native Americans

A
  1. Northwest - Walla Walla, Nez Pierce
    - totem pole (family history) - potlach (gift giving)
  2. Southwest - Pueblo, Navaho, Apache
    - Kachina (spirits)
  3. Plains - Sioux, Cheyenne
    - Mandela (spirit shield) - dream catchers
  4. Eastern Woodland/Great Lakes - Iroquis, Mohican, Erie
    - peace pipe (passport, treaty) - Matriarchal
  5. Southeastern - Cherokee, Seminole
    - corn festival
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12
Q

what the colonists left behind in Europe

A

royal authority, official religion, and social hierarchies

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13
Q

ideals the colonists cherished in the New World

A

individual liberty, self-government, religious tolerance and economic opportunity

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14
Q

what was the religion of the Native Americans? the one thing that they all shared

A

Animism - spirit worship (ancestors) + nature

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15
Q

the major deities of Animism

A

Great Spirit - universal god/being
Father Sky - Creator
Mother Earth - sustainer of life

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16
Q

name for the medical men/priests

A

shamans

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17
Q

who were the first Europeans to step foot on American soil?

A

the Vikings (Norse) - Leif Erikson

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18
Q

what four things sparked the Age of Exploration?

A
  1. Marco Polo’s travels - discovered exotic goods (spices, perfumes, tea, etc)
  2. Crusades - hope to restore the Holy Land to Christendom and spread Christianity
  3. Trade - open up new and less expensive trade routes
  4. the rise of absolute monarchs in Europe
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19
Q

who were the first explorers and who led them?

A

it was the Portuguese led by Henry the Navigator

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20
Q

two Portuguese explorers:

A
  1. Bartholomew Dias - first to go around Africa

2. Vasco de Gama - first to reach the Indies by going around Africa

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21
Q

Spain monarchs of the time

A

Ferdinand and Isabella

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22
Q

good things to come out of Christopher Columbus’ discovery

A
  1. greatest nation in history was created
  2. spread of Christianity
  3. opportunity for settlement
  4. world trade
  5. improved the standard of life for some
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23
Q

controversial side of Columbus’ discovery

A
  1. European diseases
  2. introduction of slave labor
  3. the Americas natural resources were exploited
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24
Q

three different continents were brought together that all supplied different things to the economic system. what were those things?

A
  1. Europe - provided markets and capital (money)
  2. Africa - labor force
  3. Americas - raw materials
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25
Q

what was the Columbian exchange?

A

exchange of plants, animals, microbes, and people between the old and new worlds

26
Q

things introduced to the Europeans by the Americans:

A

tobacco, corn, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, sugar, chocolate

27
Q

things introduced to the Americans by the Europeans:

A

livestock: cattle, pigs, and HORSES

28
Q

Native American way of life:

A
  • property/status - land was “communal” and gift giving led to high status (Egalitarian society)
  • gender roles - men hunted and fished (fought), women farmed (actually had rights)
  • religion: Pagan - many gods and spirits/ancestors
29
Q

the Europeans thought the Native Americans were…

A

uncivilized brutes or noble savages

30
Q

European way of life:

A
  • property/status - land was individually owned + to be exploited. acquiring land and wealth led to a high status
  • gender roles - patriarchal: men owned businesses and had all the power and rights
  • religion - one God (Christian)
31
Q

what was the Black Legend?

A

the idea that the Spanish only tortured and butchered the natives, stole their gold and left them with little but misery

32
Q

what compliment did the Spanish pay to the Natives?

A

they intermarried with them and formed a new culture with them called the mestizos

33
Q

what was the treaty of Tordesillas?

A

a treaty between Spain and Portugal where the Pope divided up the New World between them. Spain got most of it, Portugal only really got Brazil

34
Q

from where to where did the Spanish empire stretch?

A

from the Philippines (Pacific) to the Americas (Atlantic)

35
Q

what were some of the Spanish “conquistadores” and what did they come for?

A
  • Balboa, Magellan, Cortez, Pizarro, De Soto, De Leon, Coronado
  • they came for the 3 G’s = gold, God, and glory
36
Q

what were the major cities in the Spanish Empire?

A

Lima, Santa Fe, St. Augustine, Havana, and Los Angeles

37
Q

governors were also called…

A

viceroys

38
Q

the three types of provinces in the Spanish Empire

A
  1. Presido - forts
  2. Missions
  3. Pueblos - trading
39
Q

the encomienda/repartimiento system did what?

A

it established Spanish authority over the Native Americans (including forced labor and religious conversion)

40
Q

what was the most complete victory of the Natives over the Europeans?

A

the Pueblo Revolt (or Pope’s Rebellion)

41
Q

who helped bring an end to slave labor in the Spanish settlements?

A

Father De la Casas

42
Q

the geologically oldest mountains in the world

A

The Appalachians

43
Q

The Iroquis Confederacy remained a strong political and military influence until…

A

the American Revolution. many picked different sides and the confederacy was divided

44
Q

much of the Spanish motivation to explore came from the newfound confidence after…

A

the national defeat and expulsion of the Muslim Moors

45
Q

what was the effect of the rise of centralized national monarchs, such as those of Spain?

A

it was a crucial development that paved the way for the European colonization of America

46
Q

the early primary rival of Spain for the New World

A

Portugal

47
Q

important Mississippian culture sight, near Illinois

A

Cahokia

48
Q

flourishing West African that had its capital and university in Timbuktu

A

Mali

49
Q

wealthy capital of the Aztec empire

A

Tenochtitlan

50
Q

person of mixed Indian and European ancestory

A

mestizos

51
Q

Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish

A

Pueblo

52
Q

female Indian slave who served as an interpreter for Cortes

A

Malinche

53
Q

legendary founder of the Iroquis Confederacy

A

Hiawatha

54
Q

the financers and beneficiaries of Columbus’ voyage west

A

Ferdinand and Isabella

55
Q

the oldest, continually inhabited European settlement in US history

A

St. Augustine

56
Q

Italian-born navigator sent by the English to explore the North American coast in 1498

A

John Cabot

57
Q

the powerful Aztec monarch who fell to the Spanish because he believed Cortes was a god come to fulfill a prophecy

A

Montezuma

58
Q

Franciscan missionary that settled California

A

Junipero Serra

59
Q

inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake

A

Lake Bonneville

60
Q

Spanish conquistador that conquered the Incas in Peru

A

Pizarro

US History 1 - college (11 decks)

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