Ambulatory Study Material Flashcards
Herpes 1 and 4 in horses
the equine vaccine decreases virus but does not prevent neurological form of the disease
The two most significant are EHV-1, which causes respiratory disease, abortion, and neurologic disease; and EHV-4, which primarily causes respiratory disease and only occasionally can cause abortion or neurologic disease.
what abx has the shortest meat withdrawal drug and time
Ceftiofur (all forms); milk is zero bc does not cross milk plasma barrier, meat withdrawal is 4-14 days
These two contagious mastitis agents are difficult to treat with antibiotics
Mycoplasma bovis (lacks cell wall), Staph aureus (microabscesses and creates biofilm around the cell wall)
This type of ovarian cyst can cause persistent estrus in a cow
Follicular cyst
What do we use to tx pyometra in cows?
PGF2 alpha
Bovine pregnancy signs at 1 month (30-35 days; earliest signs)
Vesicle
a calf should have a minimum of what % of body weight colostrum, within a maximum time frame of ?
10% (body weight), 2-6 hours
The use of these vaccines should be limited to 3 at a time in healthy cows and 2 at a time in at-risk or heifers
Gram negative (due to endotoxin)
Lipid A of LPS is the toxic portion
50% of persistently infected BVDV calves die before weaning due to these two causes
Mucosal disease (CE virus superinfection), immunosuppression
Where is GnRH secreted?
hypothalamus
Where are LH and FSH secreted?
Anterior pituitary
where is progesterone secreted?
CL
where is prostaglandin secreted?
Uterus
Where is estrogen secreted?
Follicle
In cows, uterine involution should be complete by this time
30-40 days
Average age at first calving for heifers
24 months
Antibiotic labeled for clostridial infections
PPG
Higher production of this VFA leads to higher milk production
Propionate
Most common cause of contagious mastitis in the US
Staph aureus
What are the 4 groups of environmental mastitis pathogens?
Strep (dysgalactia, uberis), Coliforms (E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter), Pseudomonas, yeasts
What are the ketone bodies breakdown
BHBA (betahydroxybutyrate) breaks down to acetyloacetate, which reduces to acetone and CO2
average milk production of a Holstein
23, 000 lbs/ lactation
How long is estrus in a cow?
18 hours, ovulates at the end
CS of milk fever
hypersenstivity, off feed, excitable, unable to rise, s-shaped neck, rumen stasis
How to prevent milk fever?
Ca:P ratio to.7:1
anionic cation ration for close up cows
when does metritis commonly occur
7-14 days post calving
Polioencephalomalacia
due to thiamine deficiency
stargazing, blindness, ataxia, dorsomedial strabismus
tx: thiamine, pred
Lead toxicity CS and TX–>
central blindness and diarrhea
tx: CaEDTA, oral binders, rumenotomy
2 most common causes of lateralized neurological disease in cattle
listeria
TEME aka Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis assoc. With Histophilus
circling disease
listeria
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
hemorrhagic diarrhea, uveitis, bloody urine, CNS signs, mucopurulent exudate
what vaccines should adult beef cattle get prior to breeding
Lepto, BVD, Campylobacter and IBR
Clostridium chauvoei aka
blackleg
ringworm aka
trichophyton verrucosum
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease) aka
clostridium haemolyticum
Malignant edema aka
Clostridium septicum
management options for a hydrocele
remove vaginal tunic
scrotal ablation
mycoplasma pneumonia
most common casuse of chronic pneumonia and non-productive cough in Pigs and potentiates PRRS
Define:
1. Paraphimosis
2. phimosis
3. priapism
- Inability to retract the penis
- inability to extrude the penis
- persistent erection without stimulation
5 criteria for mare being induced
normal fetal presentation
verifiable pregnancy length of 335 days
presence of pre colostrum electrolytes
cervical softening
what is the appropriate technique used to manipulate the mare’s cycle to expedite her transition back to cycling in the winter
putting them under light in the winter, continue for 60 days
primary bacterial agents involved with BRD (bovine respiratory disease) are:
Mannheimia, Mycoplasma, and Pasturella
if specificity of a herd is 65% what does this mean?
65% of the herd are apparently healthy
A 21 preg rate in cattle being 64% means….
95% of the calf crop during a 63 day calving season
How many days is normal estrous in cattle?
21 days
the type of vaccine which is most likely to cause a cell mediated response to viral pathogen is….
whole virus modified live vaccine
_ is a bacteria that can result in violation of increased SCC bacteria in dairy cattle
strep agalactia
What are the 3 main contagious causes of mastitis in dairy cattle???
Strep agalactia, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma bovis
What bacteria causes gangrene mastitis?
Staphylococcus aureus
What bacterial agent causes high SCC in milk?
Strep agalactiae
What method do we use to prevent contagious mastitis? How can we prevent environmental mastitis?
Contagious mastitis- use POST dipping teat protocols and for environmental, use PRE dipping teat protocols
_______ causes outbreaks of mastitis with history of swollen joints, esp. disease that occurred in the past of the infected individual(s)
Mycoplasma
What is a very very contagious bacterial agent that is also able to resist treatments
Mycoplasma
What are all of the GI pathogens in hutch calves that we need to look out for
E. coli, Rotavirus, coronavirus, coccidia
___ causing pneumonia is the most common cause of mortality in post-weaning dairy calves
Pasteruella
Breed dairy heifers at _____-____ months
Avg. age at first calving is usually ______ months old and avg. conception rate of AI at estrus is __-___% but with a bull timing it, it is ____%
Breed dairy heifers at 13-15 months
Avg. age at first calving is usually 22 months old and avg. conception rate of AI at estrus is50-60% but with a bull timing it, it is 40%
What is the number one main risk period for mastitis and how do we prevent it?
Dry off period; we use 1mm for prevention
What diet causes more milk production? How about buttermilk fat?
Propionic acid; acetic acid
PPE level ___ is the lowest and __ is the highest
D; A
BVDV exists as a persistently infected animal, mucosal disease, transitional/transient infection and the virus is a member of the ____ virus family and is generally associated with ______, ________ and _______
Pestivirus;
early embryonic death, immunosuppressants, congenital abn
How soon after giving prostaglandins do you expect parturition?
48 hours after giving it, parturition may occur anytime between 2 and 7 days but 2 days is the avg.
what causes epizootic bovine abortions (EBA) aka Foothill abortions
Ornithodoros coriaceus tick vector
this vector can be found in fetal thymuses and causes late abortions and abortion storms in the last trimester, the cows will be healthy but the aborted fetuses will have hepatosplenomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy
how can you prevent epizootic bovine abortions aka foothill abortions
exposure to endemic areas before breeding and/or controlling tick vector populations or prophylactic abx use in high risk regions
What is a toxin that causes last trimester abortions and cow are usually moribund after delivery and hemorrhage?
Ponderosa pine needles
high mtn disease testing results telling you they have it…
PAP (pulm. arterial pressure) testing done at 6,000 ft or above on animals over 12 months showing less than 40mmHg pressure
What do you think this cow has?
A rancher bought these cattle a few days ago and now they are showing ataxia, head tilt, knuckling, staggering, coughing, RR abn, and have fevers. On CSF tap they all have xanthochromia, increased protein, and increased number of neutrophils.
Histophilus somni infection.
This is a systemic infection that may start in the resp. tract in young and stressed often transported cattle. Early tx is abx
What do we see CS of a cow with polioencephalomalacia???
stargazing, head pressing, depression, blindness
it is caused by a thiamine deficiency
Prevent milk fever
Ca:P ratio to 7:1
anionic cation ration for close up cows
Why do cows displace their abomasums?
decreased rumen fill and the void left by recent calving
acid base and electrolyte disturbances associated with LDA
hypokalemia
hypocalcemia
metabolic alkalosis
which nerve is where there is latent herpesvirus infections (in cats and in cattle)???
Trigeminal
what is the appropriate technique used to manipulate the mare’s cycle to expidite her transition back to cycling in the winter
putting them under light in the winter, continue for 60 days
pigs housed indoors are more likely to suffer from this respiratory disease
actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
pig with nose deviated to the side likely has what virus?
Bordetella aka atrophic rhinitis
what marks the beginning of a dairy cow’s next lactation?
The dry period, which should be 60 days prior to expected calving (during the dry period you should use IMM tubes and feed her differently- less protein, fat and carbs then actively lactating cows!!!!!)
what are DCAD diets?
Dietary-Cation-Anion-Diets
which are diets that influence blood acid-base status which effects calcium homeostasis
* cation rations–> results in metabolic alkalosis which depresses tissue response to PTH and is ideal for use in the NON-PREPARTUM COWS (aka the non-transition cow group)
*anion rations–> results in metabolic acidosis so calcium carbonate can be released from the bone due to response from PTH to correct the metabolic acidosis, therefore the carbonate buffers free acid and leaves calcium in excess by itself to be used during PRE-PARTURITION aka the Transition group
major loss of contagious mastitis is clinical or subclinical, what about in environmental mastitis???
contagious= subclinical
enviro. = clinical mastitis
what are the most common causative agents of mastitis?
- strep agalactiae
- staph aureus
- M. bovis
what are some environmental mastitis pathogens?
Coliforms (GRAM -), strep agalactiae, strep uberis, pseudomonas, Nocardia (GRAM +), yeast
what is an easier infection to tx for mastitis?
Strep agalactiae
TX is IMM infusion during lactation of dry period and dry cow mgmt
what is the most common agent associated with heifer mastitis?
Coagulase neg STAPH- most common pathogen in heifers
summer mastitis aka
T. pyogenes-not contagious, will cause nasty abscesses of the udder, no tx kill the quarter
what mastitis agent is zoonotic and infected individuals should be culled? What mastitis is easy to tx with IMM?
Nocardia infections; strep agalact. (Which is gram pos.)
why do MLV go lower on the neck than other vaccines?
Because the live vaccines must migrate and can cancel out the MLV when they do and this is where the lowest priced cuts of meat are
tx of nitrate toxicity–
Methylene blue- converts Hgb back to
what is the test that is done to test for Nitrates?
Diphenylamine test, if it turns blue then the sample contains potentially dangerous levels of nitrate
what animal is most sensitive to salt toxicity? What species is a sinus arrythmia common?
Swine for both answers
Tx cyanide toxicity =
Sodium thiosulfate IV repeated as needed and supportive care like O2
Test for cyanide toxicity–
Picrate test and if positive will turn bright yellow
pigs sneezing with nasal discharge
atrophic rhinitis caused by bordetella
when does metritis in cows usually occur?
first 7-14 days post calving
Theilers disease aka idiopathic acute hepatic disease- what are the CS?
Acute depression, anorexia, severe icterus, photosensitization, hepatoencephalopathy, pica (means excessive swallowing)
fetal sizes
- 60 d = mouse
- 90 d = rat
- 120 d = small cat
- 150 d = large cat
- 180 d = beagle dog
Placentomes sizes
- 90 d: dime
- 120 d: quarter
- 150 d: half dollar
- 180 d: silver dollar
when are the most impt nutrient requirements in cattle?
late pregnancy
maternal side of placentome is ____ and fetal side is ____ and there are protein bonds holding it together for the transfer of nutrients
caruncle; cotyledon
clostridial infections produce ___ so organ will be ____
gas; crepitus
what organisms has been associated with spirochetal colitis in swine?
Brachyspira pilosicoli
