Amateurism And Porffessionalism

Question 1

What is an amateur?

Answer 1

A person who plays the sport for the love of it and no financial gain

Question 2

What is a professional?

Answer 2

A person who plays the sport for financial gain

Question 3

Things amateurism was associated in the 19th century…

Answer 3

Appreciating value of health and fitness
Manliness
High moral integrity
Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity

Question 4

What is a gentleman amateur?

Answer 4

Played sport town high moral code
Played range of sports using their natural talents
Was respected member of society with a public school background
Belonged to social elite
Participated in sport as a character- building exercise

Question 5

Name some positive impacts of amateurism…

Answer 5

Amateurs held a higher status than pros in 19th century.
Code of amateurism was based on playing sport to clearly set rules.
Adhered to a code of ethics.
Belonging to a social elite-enabled amateurs to play for love of sport, not of money.
Participation was more important than winning.
Amateurs=elite performers of 19th century.
The “new middle classes” admired cultured values of upper class and gentleman amateur.

Question 6

Modern day amateurs…

Answer 6

Amateurs tend to be lower status than pros.
Some high level performers are still not pros (gymnasts)
Blurring of amateur and pro distinctions
Performance at top level in most sports is now open to all.
Some receive finance to pay training expenses e.g. (national lottery money)

Question 7

Amateurism in modern day sport…

Answer 7

Codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport
It’s still viewed + and promoted in a number of ways e.g. fair play awards
Rugby, Only captains can talk to referee and have to call him sir. Rugby maintained amateurism into late 20th century

Question 8

Rise of professionalism…(football)

Answer 8

Sports like football become more popular therefore working classes increased time and wages.
Working class had to make money from sport otherwise no opportunity to play.
Training became specialised.
Results and winning became more important.
Foul play and gamesmanship used to gain advantage.
Challenges to refereeing decisions become more common.

Question 9

What are the Positive impacts of professionalism?

Answer 9

Presented working classes with chance to earn money whilst not at work.
Standard of performance increased as a result of dedicated training.
Led to increase in commercialism and media coverage in late 20th century.
Became avenue of social mobility.

Question 10

professionalism today

Answer 10

All classes can compete (social class is not a barrier anymore)
People are now respected to their talents and efforts in reaching the top
Hugh rewards for pros through media and sponsorship
More time to train
Celebrity status
+ roles act as motivators for others to achieve in sport
Lord of Kirby invested into sport - become commercialised
More spectators attend.

Question 11

Aspects of football today

Answer 11

1900-1950 footy became part of commercialised mass entertainment industry
BBC began live coverage of sport events in 1927
1900 max wage was £4 a week, max wage abolished in mid 1900’s due to threat of strike action
Modern football is extremely commercialised and is linked to far more media coverage.
Wages have increased dramatically due to Bosman ruling giving them freedom of contract and massive transfer fees

Question 12

How has women’s football become more popular?

Answer 12

Due to socio-cultural factors:
Equal opportunities - sex discrimination has passed.
Increased media coverage of women’s footy
Increased female role models
Increased provision via school PE programmes
Increased approval by FA
increased clubs formed both pro and local
Increased participation via funding into game
Increased participation via funding into game
Increased free time (traditional domestic responsibilities decreased)

Question 13

Elite female officials, how have they emerged?

Answer 13

Story of emerging female referees is not so encouraging
At end of 20th century very few female officials were progressing through to footy league
A women’s development pathway has been developed to try and improve this situation

Question 14

Real tennis between 1800-1950

Answer 14

Middle class invention
Played by middle class
Organised by middle class
Use of specialist equipment
Use of standardised rules
Played by male and females
Public provision (spread to working class via public parks)

Question 15

Modern day tennis popularity

Answer 15

Spread around the world
Tournaments in USA, Australia, France, England, make up 4 major comps.
Players realised they could make money.
Pro tours and tournaments were established as early as 1920

Question 16

Open tennis. What happened and what did that lead to?

Answer 16

In 1968 rumours of amateurs (shamateurs) taking illegal payments
Led to abandonment of distinction between pro and amateur.
Let to era which in turn established the pro tennis circuit. Increased revenue from tv rights
Popularity of game has spread world wide and it’s tried to shed its English middle class image

Question 17

How is tennis today different and the same?

Answer 17

Still viewed as a middle class activity
It developed later than other activities
Tennis clubs have a dress code
1968 male/female won different money
2007 male/female wine equal money
2015 money increased
2023 money increased further

Question 18

Emergence of female tennis players - modern day

Answer 18

WTA developed a female only pro circuit in late 20th century
Gave female tennis players an opportunity to play at the top level
Earning millions of pounds in process

Question 19

Rationalism and modern day development of track and field

Answer 19

Industrialisation lead to rural fairs being replaced by urban fairs athletics became more popular in towns with purpose built tracks in major cities
Walking and running races took place over set distances and courses the upper classes took part to test themselves but working classes took part for money

Question 20

Track and field how did it come about, who formed it and why?

Answer 20

Exclusion cause which prevented manual workers from competing attempted to separate modern athletics from old pro form
1866 the amateur athletics club was formers by public school boys, they were gentlemen amateurs who did not allow working classes mechanics and labourers join the club
They brought respectability to athletics with an emphasis on fair play courage and physical endeavours

Question 21

When was the amateur association club formed and what happened to it eventually?

Answer 21

In 1880, they opened the sport to everyone

Question 22

What did a professional individual end up becoming?

Answer 22

Someone who ran for money and not just someone from the working class

Question 23

Were women allowed to participate in track and field?

Answer 23

It was not deemed appropriate as it was unladylike and they were unable to follow the dress code

Question 24

When was the women’s amateur athletic association club founded?

Answer 24

In 1922

Question 25

When were the women allowed to compete in the olympics and what events weren’t they allowed to participate in?

Answer 25

1928 and not allowed to compete in racing events higher than 800m

Question 26

When did athletics popularity increase and what did this cause?

Answer 26

due to London Olympics in 1948
-Therefore trust funds developed which allowed athletes to compete in amateur comps but still revive financial rewards.
-Athletes could use these funds for day to day living expenses but the rest was held back until retirement
- this enabled some athletes to travel the world participating in comps

Question 27

Athletics today

Answer 27

No trust funds
Toward end of 20th century more comps for male/females
In 2010 diamond league was established this is 14 athletics meetings in asia

Question 28

The emergence of female elite athletes

Answer 28

The treatment of women in athletics remained different through to the 20th century.
Marathon was not open to women until late 1984, triple jump 1986 and hammer 2000
Comps such as the sims on league allow female athletes to challenge stereotypes about capabilities

Question 29

What do characteristics of popular recreation do/mean?

Answer 29

This way of life heavily affected sort/recreation in this time period.

Question 30

What are the characteristics of popular recreation?

Answer 30

Occasional-restricted to annual events
Local-specific to each community
Rural/natural-activities used the natural resourcments available to them
Basic rules-locally set up and applied e.g no time limits
Aggressive and make dominant-reflecting a harsh society
Wagering-placed by the upper classes
Functional-linked to work requirements

Question 31

Mob tennis…

Answer 31

Played by lower classes reflecting class divisions
A localised form of activity-limited transport
Rural in nature
Natural-played in fields
Played occasionally
Male dominant and highly violent
Eventually banned by local authorities

Question 32

Real tennis…

Answer 32

Didn’t reflect typical popular recreation characteristics of the time
Exclusive activity
Courtly and royalty in nature-upper class males
Complex rules-could be written due to education
Civilised-high moral code
Played on regular basis
I’m expensive facilities, buildings with specialist equipment
Non-local in nature
A way of upper class showing their superiority over lower class

Question 33

Athletics in pre industrial Britain (foot racing)

Answer 33

Activity known as foot racing
Consisted of footmen competing as messengers
Ended up competing against each other with the gentry wagering on them
Developed into running races
Success in athletics meant increased social status for a “gentleman”
Gentry set up raced, over many miles

Question 34

Athletics as a ‘festival occasion’

Answer 34

Individuals organised rural community festivals containing athletics events
The “wenlock Olympic Games” events:
Running, hurdles, football, cycling
Prizes awarded by upper class for successful participants (lower class)
CHARACTERISTICS:
Unwritten rules
Events are local
Rural areas
Betting occurred

Question 35

Wenlock Olympic Games (what was involved and when was modern Olympic Games established)

Answer 35

Forerunner to modern Olympic Games
Set up to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements
First held in 1850 shopshire
A mixture of athletics football cricket hurdling etc
Blindfolded wheelbarrow race and old woman’s race
1890 the loc and modern Olympic Games were established.