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Histopathology > Alveolar Bone and Tooth Eruption/Exfoliation > Flashcards

Alveolar Bone and Tooth Eruption/Exfoliation Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is formed as a result of
attachment of the PDL fibers and passage of
vessels and nerves into and out of the PDL.

A

cribriform plate

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2
Q

The term ______ refers to that bone in

which Sharpey’s fibers (PDL) are embedded.

A

bundle bone

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3
Q

Immature bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is
randomly oriented. This type of bone is generally newly
formed (embryologic development) or associated with
healing wounds.

A

Woven bone

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4
Q

Trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates and

within the marrow spaces.

A

Spongiosa (a.k.a. Cancellous)

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5
Q 
The following cells are cells associated with \_\_\_\_
Ø Osteoblasts
Ø Osteocytes
Ø Osteoclasts
Ø Bone Lining Cells
Ø Chondroblasts
Ø Chondrocytes
Ø Mesenchymal Cells
A

Bone

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6
Q

_______ is an osteoblast that has been entrapped by it’s own osteoid matrix

A

Osteocyte

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7
Q

_____ – radiate in all directions, and allow diffusion of substances
throughout bone. Processes of the osteocytes travel within these
and connect to other osteocytes/osteoblasts, allowing cell-to-cell
communication. May have some mechanoreception properties, as well

A

Canaliculi

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8
Q

A dense connective tissue, bound to bone by Sharpey’s fibers,
that contains blood vessels, nerves, and three cell layers

A

Periosteum

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9
Q

Peripheral cell layer of periosteum contains ______

A

fibroblasts

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10
Q

Intermediate cell layer of periosteum contains ______

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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11
Q

Proximal cell layer of periosteum contains ______

A

osteoblasts

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12
Q

Lines the medullary cavity and cancellous bone (trabeculae). Generally has the same composition as periosteum but is significantly thinner

A

Endosteum

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13
Q

Which type of collagen in bone is ubiquitous in distribution?

A

Type 1 collagen

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14
Q

Which type of collagen in bone is primarily a cartilage protein?

A

Type 2 collagen

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15
Q

Which type of collagen in bone contains granulation and mesenchymal tissues; necessary for healing?

A

Type 3 collagen

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16
Q

Which type of collagen in bone contains stromal connective tissue and promotes cellular attachment and migration?

A

Type 5 collagen

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17
Q

Which type of collagen in bone facilitates conversion of cartilage to bone?

A

Type 10 collagen

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18
Q 
Non-collagenous proteins associated
with \_\_\_\_\_ include:
Ø Osteonectin
Ø Osteopontin
Ø Osteocalcin
Ø Sialoprotein
Ø Phosphoprotein
Ø Glycoprotein
Ø Proteoglycan
Ø Bone Specific Protein
Ø Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Ø Carboxyglutamic acid containing protein
A

bone matrix

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19
Q

The non-collagenous matrix proteins of bone

are characterized by what 3 things?

A

Ø highly acidic nature
Ø high aggregation tendencies
Ø calcium binding properties

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20
Q

A process of osteoclast resorption, and bone
replacement by osteoblast activity. Mostly seen in
areas of alveolar bone affected by orthodontics.

A

In-Situ Remodelling

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21
Q

Bone formation within or between connective tissue
membranes consisting of Type I collagen. Bone does
not replace cartilage as does endochondral bone.

A

Intramembranous Bone Formation

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22
Q

Bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a
concomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by
bone

A

Endochondral Bone Formation

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23
Q

This type of bone formation is found in the inner
spongy layers of bone, as well as sutures. It is an
extremely rapid and disorganized method of bone
deposition, and allows for growth of the tissues
surrounding it.

A

Intramembranous bone growth

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24
Q

Woven bone is an example of

_____ bone growth.

A

intramembranous

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25
Q

In intramembranous bone growth, _____ secrete matrix
vesicles that mineralize
surrounding collagen fibres

A

Osteoblasts

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26
Q

The osteoblasts usually
become trapped themselves,
becoming ______

A

osteocytes.

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27
Q

What are the 5 contents of the matrix vesicles secreted by osteoblasts in intramembranous bone formation?

A 
Ø Pyrophosphatase
Ø Alkaline phosphatase
Ø Glycoproteins
Ø Phosphoproteins
Ø Phospholipids
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28
Q

____ bone growth is Mostly seen in the vertebrae, long bones, base of the skull, and
head of the mandible.

A

Endochondral

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29
Q

In ____ bone growth, Mesenchymal cells make the general outline of the final bone
shape. The cells differentiate into cartilage cells
(chondroblasts), which increase in size, secrete collagen and mineralize it with matrix vesicles. The newly formed
chondrocytes eventually die. Vascular tissue from the
surrounding perichondrium invades the cartilage, allowing chondrocytes and mesenchymal cells to enter the area. The chondrocytes eat away the cartilage, and newly differentiated osteoblasts deposit osteoid onto the cartilage. The osteoid is
mineralized by osteocytes, and bone is made.

A

Endochondral bone growth

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30
Q

The growth of the bones in endochondral bone formation is dependant on the growth of the _____, and stops once it is been completely
removed

A

cartilage

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31
Q 
The Zones of Cellular Activity are found in \_\_\_\_ bone formation
Ø Reserve or resting chondrocytes
Ø Proliferation
Ø Maturation
Ø Hypertrophy and calcification
Ø Cartilage degeneration
Ø Osteogenesis
A

Endochondral bone formation

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32
Q

Bone _____ is controlled systemically by
hormones and locally by mechanical factors, growth
factors, and cytokines.

A

metabolism

33
Q

Hormones important to bone

metabolism include what 5 hormones?

A 
Ø Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Ø 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Ø Calcitonin
Ø Estrogen
Ø Glucocorticoids
34
Q

What are the cytokines and growth factors important to bone metabolism include what 7 things?

A 
Ø Interlukin-1 (IL-1)
Ø Interlukin-6 (IL-6)
Ø BMP-2 and BMP-7
Ø Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-)
Ø Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I and IGF-II)
Ø Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Ø Fibroblast growth factor-beta (FGF-)
35
Q

Under conditions that favor bone resorption,
osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines and
hormones to produce ____ which, in turn, promotes
differentiation of osteoclasts

A

IL-6

36
Q

What are the 5 cytokines that promotes differentiation of osteoclasts?

A 
Ø Interleukin-11 (IL-11)
Ø Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-)
Ø Prostaglandins E2 (PGE2)
Ø Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Ø 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
37
Q

Osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the
creation of a localized _____ pH to demineralize
hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that
degrade the organic bone matrix

A

acidic pH

38
Q

What are the 7 things secreted by osteoclasts to degrade organic bone matrix?

A 
Ø Lactic acid
Ø Citric acid
Ø Free protons (H+)
Ø Acid phosphatase
Ø Aryl sulfatase
Ø Collagenase (MMP)
Ø Gelatinase (MMP)
39
Q

The reaction of osteoclasts is catalyzed by ____

A

carbonic anhydrase

40
Q 
Architecture (shape) of the tooth-associated
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cortical bone is dictated by:
Ø Facial-lingual alignment of teeth
Ø Mesial to distal contour of the CEJ
Ø Facial-lingual width of teeth
Ø Presence of enamel pearls or cervical
 enamel projections
A

facial and lingual

41
Q 
Architecture (shape) of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
alveolar bone is dictated by:
Ø Facial to lingual contour of the CEJ
Ø Mesial or distal tilt of the tooth
Ø Root proximity
Ø Presence of enamel pearls
Ø State of tooth eruption
A

interproximal

42
Q

An isolated “port-hole” in the cortical bone that

allows exposure of the underlying root surface

A

Fenestration

43
Q

A denuded area of cortical bone that extends
through the marginal bone creating a “cleft-like”
defect

A

Dehiscence

44
Q

An area of bone formation that exceeds the
average for a given anatomical area. The term is
generally used in reference to the maxillary facial
and lingual and mandibular facial

A

Exostosis

45
Q

An area of bone formation that exceeds the
average for a given anatomical area. The term is
used in reference to the mandibular lingual or
midline of the palate

A

Torus /Tori

46
Q

Ø Generally asymptomatic causing a painless
expansion of bone
Ø Usually a single lesion that can be either
unilocular or multilocular
Ø Often confused with ameloblastoma or
periapical granuloma or periapical cyst
Ø Histology characterized by presence of
numerous multinucleated giant cells in a stroma
of ovoid & spindle shaped mesenchymal cells

A

Giant Cell Tumor

47
Q

Ø Malignancy of plasma cell origin that accounts
for nearly 50% of all malignancies involving
bone
Ø The abnormal plasma cells are typically
monoclonal (arise from a single cell)
Ø Patients frequently suffer kidney failure due to
overload of circulating light chain protein
(Bence Jones Protein) produced by the
abnormal plasma cells

A

Multiple Myeloma

48
Q

Ø Histology shows monotonous sheets of
neoplastic, variably differentiated, plasmacytoid
cells that invade and replace normal host tissue
Ø Radiographically, patients may exhibit
“punched out” areas in the cranium. Such areas
are filled with the neoplastic plasmacytoid cells

A

Multiple Myeloma

49
Q

Ø A malignancy of mesenchymal cells that have
the ability to produce osteoid or immature bone
Ø Excluding hematopoietic neoplasms, it is the most common type of
malignancy to originate within bone
Ø Pain and swelling are the most common
symptoms
Ø Radiographic findings vary from dense sclerosis
to a mixed sclerotic-radiolucent lesion. About
25% of lesions exhibit a “sunburst” pattern

A

Osteogenic Sarcoma

50
Q

______ is the most common type of

malignancy to originate within bone

A

osteogenic sarcoma

51
Q

The primary and permanent dentitions develop
______ as the jaws increase in size
from infancy to adolescence.

A

simultaneously

52
Q

Jaws of the infant accommodate development of ____

deciduous teeth

A

20

53
Q

At 4-5 yrs of age, the jaws accommodate 20 erupted

teeth and _____ developing teeth

A

28

54
Q

The mixed dentition stage, __-__ yrs of age, involves
the concomitant exfoliation of deciduous teeth and
eruption of permanent teeth

A

8-12 yrs

55
Q

_______ is defined as the movement of a
tooth from its site of development within the
alveolar process to its functional position in
the oral cavity.

A

Tooth eruption

56
Q

Tooth eruption is divided into

what three developmental stages?

A

 Pre-eruptive phase
 Pre-functional eruptive phase
 Functional phase (post-eruptive phase)

57
Q

Which phase of tooth eruption includes the following:
 Growth of jaws
 Growth of tooth buds
 Remodeling of the walls of the bony crypt

A

Pre-eruptive phase

58
Q

______ results when there is resorption
of the mesial wall with concomitant apposition of bone
on the distal wall

A

mesial migration

59
Q

Over time, the jaws increase in what 4 ways?

A

 Length of jaw (anterior-posterior)
 Width of jaw (coronal plane)
 Alveolar ridge height
 Buccal-lingual width of the alveolus

60
Q

As the jaws increase in length, the crowding is alleviated by migration of teeth _____ which allows a more even distribution.

A

distally

61
Q

With increased jaw size, the developing teeth move ______ and _______

A

outward (facially); towards the oral cavity (upward or downward).

62
Q

Because of jaw length, the permanent developing ____ have angled inclinations prior to and during eruption and achieve vertical alignment only when jaw length is sufficient to allow it.

A

molars

63
Q

Theories of Tooth Eruption:
 Elongation of the roots in relation to stability of the
fundus of the socket

A

Root Growth

64
Q

Theories of Tooth Eruption:
 Increased hydrostatic pressures in the apical dental sac
or periodontal ligament

A

Vascular Pressure

65
Q

Theories of Tooth Eruption:
 Coronal bone resorption concomitant with bone apposition
in the fundus area

A

Selective Bone Deposition and Resorption

66
Q

Theories of Tooth Eruption:
 Tissue pressure differential in the pulp compared to
the PDL

A

Pulpal Pressure

67
Q

Theories of Tooth Eruption:
 Cells (myofibroblasts) exert traction on the tooth through
the collagen network and cell-to-cell contacts

A

Periodontal and Gingival Fiber Ligaments

68
Q

Of the numerous causes of tooth eruption, the

most frequently theories cited are what 3 theories?

A

root growth, alveolar bone remodeling, and periodontal ligament formation

69
Q

______ (influences mineralization and

resorption of roots)

A

Parathyroid hormone

70
Q

____ produced by fibroblasts, osteoclasts, macrophages

A

MMPs

71
Q

A strand of connective tissue that contains
remnants of dental lamina epithelium
(derived from the successional lamina)
 The rate of eruption is not constant but best
described as a “burst of eruption” that
averages about 3 mm every 3 months

A

Gubernacular canal/ eruptive pathway

72
Q

The rate of eruption is not constant but best
described as a “burst of eruption” that
averages about ____ mm every 3 months

A

3 mm

73
Q

 Oblique fiber groups of the PDL continually pull the tooth
into occlusion as enamel is abraded.
 Apical cementum deposition also serves as a
compensatory eruptive mechanism to continual occlusal
abrasion.

A

Occlusal Surface Wear:

74
Q

 Mesial inclination of teeth in full contact will yield an

anterior force vector and when coupled with the pull of the transseptal fibers,

A

Proximal Wear (Mesial Drift):

75
Q

Cell mediated tooth resorption involves the

______

A

“odontoclast”

76
Q

Derived from monocytes that exit capillaries to
become connective tissue macrophages which, in
turn, fuse together to form a (syncytium) large
multinucleated giant cell that functions like an
osteoclast.

_______ degrade both the collagenous and
non-collagenous matrix of cementum and dentin
(lysosomal enzymes) and the hydroxyapatite
mineral phase (acids).

A

Odontoclasts

77
Q

Odontoclasts degrade both the collagenous and
non-collagenous matrix of _____ and ______
(lysosomal enzymes) and the hydroxyapatite
mineral phase (acids).

A

cementum and dentin

78
Q

 Specialized fibroblast-like cells are thought to
destroy the collagen fibers of the PDL associated
with the resorbing tooth root.

A

Fibroclast

79
Q

The finding of apoptotic cell death in the resorbing
PDL suggests that shedding of teeth is a
_______

A

programmed event.

Histopathology (10 decks)

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