Alternatives to the Medical Model Flashcards
(Behaviourist)
Classical conditioning
Defintion
Example
Treatment
Learning through association between an unconditioned stimulus to get a conditioned response.
e.g. learning to associate attention/sympathy with depression or associate a low mood with depression.
Treating-positive association with phobia.
(Behaviourist)
Operant conditioning
Defintion
Example
Treatment
Learning via consequences (reinforcement reward/punishment)
e.g. costal anxiety could be explained if something negative happened overtime you went to feared situation.
Treating-give a reward to get over phobia or make progress.
(Behaviourist)
Social learning theory
Defintion
Example
Treatment
Learning via imitation (modelling)
e.g. parents that have the disorder may be imitated. Or imitate behaviour to get a reward- ‘learnt helplessness’.
Treating-show positive reactions of phobia
(Behaviourist)
Little Albert
US- loud noise (steel bar)
UCR- fear (cry)
NS- fire, white rabbit, monkey, dog, white rat (most liked)
- learnt fear as liked objects previously
- scared of the rat the most on own
- santa claus mask and monkey forced into face possibly causing fear whereas others weren’t.
(Cognitive)
Beck (1961) The Cognitive Triad
Negative views about oneself.
Negative views about the world.
Negative views about the future.
Once in cycle, select information from environment that would confirm their thinking.
(Cognitive)
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
3-steps
Helps to identify self-defeating thoughts, challenge they rationality and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs.
(Cognitive)
Cognitive Distortions-Overgeneralistion
Apply one experience to all other experiences.
(Cognitive)
Cognitive Distortions-Filtering
Focus only on negative aspects, goring any positive ones.
(Cognitive)
Cognitive Distortions- Catastrophising
Irrational thought believing something is worse than what it is.
(Humanistic)
Two principles
- people are good and have the ability to grow and be healthy
- focus on individual to explain how they have free will and the ability to be self-determining
(Humanistic)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Pyramid which reaches up to self actualisation.
(Humanistic)
Carl Rogers- The ideal self and the perceived actual self
The ideal self-who they would like to be.
The perceived actual self- self-concept= self-esteem and self-image.
(Humanistic)
Carl RogersThe actualising tendency
Inherent tendency within ourselves to grow and reach or full potential with the right conditions.
(Humanistic)
Carl Rogers-The concept of self
The individual’s belief about themselves including attributes and what and who the self is.
(Humanistic) Carl Rogers-Person Centred Therapy Three qualities: Congruence Unconditional positive reward Empathy
Congruence=genuineness, transparency, reveals personality and thoughts.
Unconditional positive reward= basic acceptance and support of a person regardless.
Empathy=perceive internal form of another with assurance and emotional components, as if they were the person.
Systematic Desensitisation
Process-4 steps
- Fear Hierarchies-imaginaery exposure to feared situations, broken down Ito manageable components. (in a table
- Positive association (unconditioned stimulus)-associates fear with something more pleasant. UCS needs to have a calm response.
- Exposure- USS is used as a relaxation technique which produces UR. Fearful stimulus and UCS= UR.
- Gradual exposure-start with least feared and move to next stage once the first has been overcome. Repeat this over 8-10 sessions until the patient is able to experience the most frightening item on their hierarchy.
Flooding
Classical conditioning
- fear encountered in an intense situation
e. g. phobias
Aversion Therapy
Operant conditioning
- negative reinforcement
e. g. addictive conditions
Token economics
Operant conditioning
- good behaviour=pleasant consequences. Point system.
e. g. getting out of bed with depression or eating disorders
Szasz (2011) The myth of mental illness
Who was responsible for mental health care?
1960
2010
1960-federal government (state hospitals, Drs, physicians). Privately funded.
2010-helthcare professionals. All funded and regulated by the federal government.
Szasz (2011) The myth of mental illness
What were Szasz’z views on how mental health has been politicised?
1960 and 2010
- Doctors legally responsible for care-government.
- drug companies help fund.
Szasz (2011) The myth of mental illness
How as mental illness seems as a disease by professionals?
1960
2010
1960-seen as a disease that can be treated
2010-same as any other disease- a physical disorder of the brain.
“medicalisation of disturbing and disturbed behaviours”
Szasz (2011) The myth of mental illness
What did Szasz believe about the medical model of mental illness?
1960 and 2010
‘disorder of the brain’ is based off of inaccurate evidence (evidence funded by drug companies)
Szasz (2011) The myth of mental illness
What was his opinion on how those with metal illness are treated by psychiatrists?
1960
2010
1960- hospitalisation was like a prison- involuntary section and treatment.
2010-deproved of basic liberty and freedom. Less consent over mental illness than those with a physical illness.
“having an illness does not make an individual into a patient”
Szasz (2011) The myth of mental illness
What did Szasz believe about the term ‘mental illness’?
1960 and 2010
- seen by Drs as ‘wrong’ and so needs treatment (homosexuality)
- controlled by psychiatrists and drug companies
“mental illness is a metaphor” “the judgement of some person about the bad behaviour of another person”
