alphabet soup

Question 1

karatinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva mutation

Answer 1

TP53

Question 2

viral protein E7 causes what?

Answer 2

RB degradation and p21 and p27 inhibition (inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases)

Question 3

viral protein E6 mutations?

Answer 3

p53 degradation and telomerase upregulation

Question 4

cytokines released by endometriosis

Answer 4

PGE2, IL-1, 6, 8, TNF, NGF, VEGF, MCP, MMPs, and TIMPs

Question 5

mutations that endometriosis shares with atypical hyperplasia, carcinoma, and endometroid ovarian carcinoma

Answer 5

PTEN and ARID1A

Question 6

endometriosis mutations leading to production of PGs and estrogen

Answer 6

NR5A1 and ESR1

Question 7

endometrial hyperplasia without atypia

Answer 7

PTEN (encodes a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway

Question 8

atypical endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 8

KRAS and PTEN

Question 9

carcinoma of the endometrium type 1 (endometroid)

Answer 9

PTEN, KRAS, ARID1A, PIK3CA

Question 10

type 2 endometrial carcinoma (serous)

Answer 10

early: TP53, aneuploidy
late: FBXW7, PPP2R1A, CCNE1

Question 11

leimyoma mutation

Answer 11

HMGIC and HMGIY gene rearrangements (regulation of cell cycle); MED 12 mutations

Question 12

leimyosarcoma

Answer 12

MED 12 mutations

Question 13

papilloma urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and flat non-invasive carcinoma

Answer 13

FGFR3 gain of function
HRAS activation
Chromosome 9 deletions - CDKN2A (p16 and ARF), PTCH (neg. regulation of HH signaling), TSC1 loss (neg. regulation of mTOR)

Question 14

invasive papillary and flat urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Answer 14

TP53 and RB

Question 15

serous cysadenocarcinoma of the ovary type 1 (low grade)

Answer 15

KRAS, BRAF, or ERBB2

Question 16

serous cysadenocarcinoma of the ovary type 2 (high grade)

Answer 16

BRCA1 and TP53 mutations, PIK3CA amplification, RB deletions

Question 17

ovarian mucinous cystadenoma and carcinomas

Answer 17

KRAS mutation

Question 18

ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma

Answer 18

PTEN, PIK3CA, ARID1A, and KRAS mutations (increase PI3K/AKT pathway)
mutations in DNA mismatch repair
CTNNB1 mutations (codes beta-catenin)
p53 mutations in poorly differentiated tumors

Question 19

dysgerminoma mutations

Answer 19

KIT gene activating mutations

Question 20

dysgerminoma expression

Answer 20

OCT3, OCT4, and NANOG

Question 21

elaborates AFP

Answer 21

yolk-sac tumor

Question 22

elaborates beta-HCG

Answer 22

choriocarcinoma

Question 23

granulosa cell tumor mutation

Answer 23

FOXL2

Question 24

sertoli leydig cell tumor mutation

Answer 24

DICER1

Question 25

phyllodes tumor mutations

Answer 25

gains in chromosome 1

HOXB1 if aggressive

Question 26

lobular carcinoma/carcinoma in situ mutation

Answer 26

CDH1 - loss of E-cadherin

Question 27

luminal breast carcinoma (ER+ HER2-) mutations

Answer 27

BRCA2, gains in chromo 1q, losses of chromo 16, activation of PIK3CA

Question 28

HER2+ breast carcinoma mutations

Answer 28

TP53 germline mutation

Question 29

triple negative breast cancer mutations

Answer 29

BRCA1, TP53, CK5/6+

Question 30

prostate adenocarcinoma mutation

Answer 30

AR gene with short CAG repeats

Question 31

seminoma mutations

Answer 31

reduplication of chromosome 12; KIT activation

Question 32

seminoma expression

Answer 32

OCT3, OCT4, PLAP, and NANOG

Question 33

embryonal testicular carcinoma expression

Answer 33

PLAP, OCT3, OCT4, CD30