Allergy Therapy: Immune & Hypersensitivity Response Flashcards
innate or adaptive immune response:
nonspecific generic response
innate
innate or adaptive immune response:
acquired specific response
adaptive
innate or adaptive immune response:
does not require prior exposure to antigen
innate
innate or adaptive immune response:
requires prior exposure to antigen
adaptive
innate or adaptive immune response:
a first-line defense lacking immunologic memory
innate
innate or adaptive immune response:
evasion of the innate response may occur
adaptive
innate or adaptive immune response:
acts near entry-points of infection or injury
(eg, skin, tears, mucous)
innate
innate or adaptive immune response:
features both specificity & memory
adaptive
in the innate immune response, what is the humoral component of it?
1) activation of the alternative complement cascade in response to a microbe
2) release of cytokines by TH-2 cells
- naturally occurring antibodies
in the innate immune response, what is the cell-mediated component?
- phagocytes ingest foreign proteins, fungi, viruses, bacteria & parasites
- NK cells secrete cytokines to recruit monocytes (premature macrophages) & neutrophils
what are physical & chemical barriers that try to keep foreign invaders from getting into the body? & it is part of which immune response?
first line of defense in the innate immune response
what are some physical barriers in the first line of defense?
- skin
- tears
- earwax
- mucus
- urine
- stomach acid
people with what ocular condition are more prone to infection & why?
people with dry eyes → not enough tears to prevent invasion
what is the humoral aspect of the adaptive immune response?
1) Ag-Ab complexes activate the classical complement cascade
2) exposed dendritic cells (APCs) stimulate T cells into helper T’s → causing B cells to transform into Ab-producing plasma cells
- memory B cells secrete Abs upon re-exposure
what is the cell-mediated aspect of adaptive immune response?
exposed dendritic cells (APCs) stimulate T cells into helper T’s → facilitates sensitization of killer T’s
what is the key player involved in cellular & humoral immunity?
CD 4+ helper T-cells
is this the cellular or humoral pathway?
bacteria enters body → macrophages phagocytize bacteria → become APCs → present Ag to CD4+ helper T-cells →
- release IFNγ → signals macrophages to activate phagocytosis & kill bacteria
- release IL-17, TNF & other cytokines → causes inflammation to help fight pathogen
cellular pathway
is this the cellular or humoral pathway?
bacteria recognized by B-cell → becomes memory cell → upon recognizing pathogen again, CD4+ helper T-cell tells B-cells to become plasma cells →
- secrete Abs → neutralizes pathogen/opsonization & Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis
- activates complement pathway → phagocytosis of C3b-coated bacteria, inflammation & lysis of microbe
→ eventually, macrophages have to be involved
humoral pathway
what are the main cells in the immune response?
B & T-cells
which cell in the immune response create antibodies that identify foreign invaders that need to be killed?
B-cells
which cell in the immune response uses chemical signals to call on the B cells & other T cells to help fight the invader?
helper T-cells
which cell in the immune response identifies infected host cells & employs chemical signals that cause them to die & be eliminated from the body
natural killer cells
what are the key cells in the innate response?
neutrophils (natural killer cells & macrophages)
what are the key cells in the adaptive immune response?
cloned memory B & T cells
what are foreign substances that have the capacity to evoke an immunological response?
antigens
what are some examples of environmental allergens?
- animal dander
- ragweed
- pollen
- dust
- insect stings
what are some examples of biological antigens?
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- parasites
what are some examples of chemical antigens?
- vaccines
- drugs
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- metals
- food additives
what is an exaggerated immune response specifically involving an innate or foreign innocuous antigen classified as an allergen?
hypersensitivity response
which type of hypersensitivity response is allergic/immediate?
type I
which hypersensitivity type is this?
IgE is bound to mast cells via its Fc portion → allergen binds to these Abs → induces degranulation
type I hypersensitivity
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is cytotoxic/antibody-mediated?
type II
which hypersensitivity type is this?
IgG-mediated → cells are destroyed by bound antibody (either by complement activation/cytotoxic T cell w/ an Fc receptor for the antibody)
type II hypersensitivity reaction
what type of hypersensitivity reaction is immune-complex mediated?
type III
which hypersensitivity type is this?
Ag-Ab complexes are deposited into tissues → complement activation → neutrophils attracted to site
type III hypersensitivity reaction
what type of hypersensitivity is delayed/cell-mediated?
type IV
which hypersensitivity type is this?
TH-1 secrete cytokines → activate macrophages & cytotoxic T-cells → macrophage accumulation at the site
type IV hypersensitivity reaction
which hypersensitivity type is an adaptive response?
type IV
allergic conjunctivitis is which type of hypersensitivity response?
type I
ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, Graves disease, & myasthenia gravis are what type of hypersensitivity response?
type II
marginal keratitis, Mooren’s ulcer, PUK, scleritis are all which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
type III
phlyctenulosis, contact dermatitis, corneal graft rejection & Stevens-Johnson syndrome are which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
type IV
in type I hypersensitivity reaction, what does IgE do?
IgE binds to mast cells & basophils → causing mast cell degranulation → releases histamines
