ALL Will Flashcards
Glorious revolution
-William occupied London until May 90
-Convention parliament met on 22nd Jan 89, 319 Whigs and 232 Tories
-Whigs believed William should take over, Tories argued they should act as regents
-On 3rd Feb, William warned he would return to Netherlands if not made King, accepted by Lords on 6th and Commons on 8th
-Declaration of rights stated no catholic could inherit the crown
-On 13th, ceremony offered crown to William and 11th April saw coronation oath with a different oath stated
Acts after glorious revolution
-Mutiny Act of March 89 prevented the creation of a standing army without consent of parliament
-Toleration Act of May exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance
-Bill of rights passed in January
Bill of right
-No catholic to inherit the throne
-No monarch to marry a catholic
-No monarch could have a standing army
-No monarch could establish ecclesiastical commissions
-Suspending powers declared unconstitutional
-Parliament must consent to all taxation
Financial settlement
-On 20th March, £1.2 million offered, but half had to be used for civil use, William immediately went into debt
-Million Loan act of 93 and 94 establishment of Bank of England secured financial and political control of the monarch
Consolidation of Scotland after the Glorious revolution
-On 14th March 89, William summoned to the convention of estates, a meeting with Scottish elite
-voted James had vacated the throne and in return for the throne, William abolished bishops
-On 11th May, accepted the Throne and a Jacobite rebellion rose in summer
-Compromised with presbyterians and revoked English religious supremacy over Scotland and a purge of 600 ministers
Consolidation of Ireland after the Glorious revolution
-By March 89, Tyrconnell controlled all of Ireland outside of Ulster.
-James landed with 3000 French troops in March and William joined in June
-Battle of Boyne saw James defeated on 1st July and fled to France
Reactions to glorious revolution
-Whigs fully supported the revolution
-Tories sought to maintain a narrow church and did not fully accept the revolution
Early Government under William
-Whigs organised under Junto lords including Whigs in 93-94
-Provided administrative support for William and mary in the 90’s
-Held almost daily parliamentary sessions and dominated parliament
-Tories more loosely structured, but became more organised in the late 90’s
Growing divisions between tories and Whigs after the Glorious revolution
-Clubs established in the 90’s
-Regular parliamentary sessions encouraged allying with those of similar views
-Frequent elections meant parties more important
-An increase in voting rights meant the electorate had to be appealed to.
Whigs wants after revolution
-Contract between crown and subject, crown could be removed if this was broken and parliament should enforce this
-Continuation of war with France
-Extention of Toleration act 1689
Tory Wants after revolution
-Divine right
-Limited naval war against France
-Defend Church and keep it strict
How did William secure the succession
-Whigs accepted the protestant succession, Tories argued that the throne was only defacto Williams
-In Feb 96, after the Jacobite plot, an oath of association demanded all office holder to declare William as rightful monarch. 20 lords and 90 mps refused
-1701 act of settlement secured William
-1702 abjuration act demanded all office holders denounce James’ claim to the throne
Aims for the Church after glorious revolution
-Whigs wanted broadening, Tories wanted strict church
9 years war
-With France, saw a debt of £36 million
-Bank of England granted loans at 8% interest to the monarch to aid, backed by parliamentary taxes
Junto Whigs
-After battle of Boyne, tories removed from government
-between 90-94, the tensions died down and both parties began to work together to control the crown
-After 94, tories entered country position in opposition to the government while Whigs became a central part of it
Rise of the tories
-Reacted negatively to treaty of Rhyswick, tories began to oppose the high taxes of the government and led to tories working with Whigs to exploit the Junto-Whigs confidence and gained seats in 98
-Tories had numerous reforms
-Cut in land tax
-Reduction of the army in 97
-Williams royal guards sent to the netherlands in 99
-Impeachment of Junto Whigs in 1701
-1701 act of settlement
Treaty of Rhyswick
1697 - Peace between William and Louis
State of the political nation by William and Mary
-Rise of monied men who gained wealth from investing and could lend out money, typically Whigs
-These gained political influence from their wealth and government officials sought their advice on domestic and foreign policy
-Gained this wealth thanks to the financial settlement
-This monied men divided tories and whigs, tories saw it as undermining traditional ruling class
-Harris argues that religious issues dominated the political nation still
Religious toleration under William
-William sympathetic to dissenters and was in line with Latitudinarianism, many being appointed bishops
-Latitudinarianism gained large influence over the political nation after 88
-Despite the tolerance of William, local church governance still under the control of local parish and the political nation, narrow Anglican position limited toleration
Reforms to the Anglican church
-William and Mary wanted to reform religion, proposed a comprehension bill in March 89, rejected and a limited toleration act passed
-toleration act exempted dissenters from penal laws if they denied transubstantiation
-Dissenters could worship freely if they had a license to do so, 900 meeting houses received such licenses
-Test acts not repealled, could not enter office
Transubstantiation
-Belief that bread and wine transformed into the body of christ
Dissenters positions after 89
-received concessions, but parliament worried about quakers
-Tillotson became archishop in 91, worrying parliament as he was seen as lenient
-Most dissenters were monied men, worrying parliament due to influence, threatened political nation
-Tories believed they would destroy the church of england
-dissenter pamphlets increased after expiry of licensing act in 95
-Many dissenters could take anglican communion to bypass the toleration acts limitations such as the test act
-attempts to prevent this blocked by Whigs, continued until 18th century
Changes to Catholic position under William
-Glorious revolution designed to reduce catholic influence and toleration
-Victory over the irish and French made catholicism seem like less of an issue, and helped lessen anti-catholicism
-Treaty of Limerick (91), offered some concessions for Irish catholics, but the irish parliament continued to impose harsh legal punishments on them
Williams government
-Due to focus on war with France, William accepted cabinet government as this would be most efficient to coordinate a war effort
-Was a group of chosen ministers providing advice and direction over the crown
-Focus on war led to tension due to his suspension of habeus corpus, imprisonment requiring a trial and attempting to keep a standing army in peace time
Benefits of cabinet government
-Closer coordination of policies
-Mary could rule in Williams abscence
Impacts of the cabinet
-Saw a decline in the importance of the royal court
-Wider range of opinions than would be found at court
Strengthening of parliaments position under William
-Met every year 89-1702
-Increased importance due to a reliance on parliamentary finance for the crown
-Principal of appropriation established forcing a reason to be behind each grant
-Forced William to accept Triennial Act 94
Triennial act (94)
-Parliament met every year and had elections every 3
First parliament of William
-Act of Grace passed in May 1690 pardoned activities before the glorious revolution
-Dec 1690 an act established commission of public accounts, with members to be chosen by parliament to review state finances
-In Nov 91, this attacked the governments usage of money and recommended cutting the army, limiting the power of the crowns army
-In 1691, £4.6 million granted to William due to Danbys influence and fears of France
-Between 91 and 93, treason bill proposed jointly by T’s and W’s to limit monarchs legal power, defeated by HoL
-£4 million raised in 93 by land tax, but William still costing lots of money
-Many wanted a water based strategy rather than land war, strengthening country position
-Appointed Junto Whigs under Earl of Sunderlands guidance
-Shrewsbury instrumental in cabinet
-Junto Whigs link to monied men let them fund william
Million Loan Act
-Jan 93
-loaned 1 million but would be repaid from parliaments taxes
-created national debt
Bank of England
Established in 94 in order to aid the debt repayments from parliaments taxes.
Death of Mary
-94, led to tories becoming hostile
2nd parliament of William
-lasted 95-98
-opposition focused on escalation of war, influence of dutch advisors, increased taxes, bank of england and influence of monied men
-Assassination attempt in Feb 96 strengthened Junto Whigs position, and all office holders had to ensure William was rightful King
-Many tories refused, allowing them to get removed
-After Rhyswick, Junto Whigs collapsed due to their loss of financial influence
3rd parliament of William
-lasted 98-1700
-Most rallied against kings large army, disbanding bill in jan 99 reduced army to 7000
-in 98, parliament voted £700,000 annually for crowns government costs, leading to an end for William funding himself
-Place Bill removed thousands from parliament
-Prorogued after they attempted to remove dutch advisors
4th parliament of William
-Introduced act of settlement
Act of settlement
-1701
-excluded 57 catholic heirs to the throne
-any non-english monarch had to have parliamentary consent to declare war in defence of non-english territories
-all government was to be transacted in privy council instead of secret advisors
-monarch had to be protestant
5th parliament of William
Abjuration act forced all MP’s to deny allegiance to James II, William died in March 1702, leaving Queen Anne in charge
Significance of Act of Settlement
-Passed due to lack of Williams children
-removed ability of the monarch to impose catholicism
-made it harder to influence parliament and couldn’t stop impeachments
-placed power in parliaments hands more
Scotland at the end of Williams reign
-Nearly integrated with England
-colony collapsed in panama, causing scotland to nearly go bankrupt
-In 1707, union formed
Changes in the balance of power
-Army and navy expanded from 10000 89 to 93000 by 1702
-state administration grew and parliamentary influence on finance grew
-Church of England became broader, with a further decrease in catholic influence but growing dissenter toleration
-Ireland became more protestantised
-Scotland became more closely tied
Land tax 93
-Raised £46 million
-Window tax further raised money
Parliamentary taxes contribution to revenue
-76% in 1640, 3% in 1700
Church of England by 1702
-Removal of anglican clergymen in response to revolution in 88
-Reduction in clergymen legal power led to increased toleration and reduction in dissenter repression
Non-conformism by 1702
-Conflict between latitudinarians and anglicans over the position of non-conformists
-political stability required toleration, became more accepted
-increased moderation of dissenters
Catholicism by 1702
-Act of settlement led to increased repression
-Seen as a threat due to Ireland and France
-Catholics became less repressed after 1702
-increasing protestant control in Ireland
