All the organelles (very exclusive)

Question 1

Describe nucleus

Answer 1

• Double membrane-bound
• Nuclear envelope & pores
• Chromatin
• Histone protein and the nucleolus

Question 2

Function of nucleus
(kinda just includes what the different parts within do…. icl i’ll state whats within tho lol:
- Nuclear envelope
- Nuclear pore
- Chromosomes
- Nucleolus)

Answer 2

• Nuclear envelope separates contents of nucleus from rest of cell
• Pores allow transport of mRNA and nucleotides (bases)
• Chromosomes carry the genetic code for the production of proteins (to control cell activity)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced in the nucleolus

Question 3

Describe nucleolus

Answer 3

• Area of dense chromatin within nucleus
• Granular structure & not membrane bound

Question 4

Function of nucleolus

Answer 4

Makes rRNA and assembles ribosomes

Question 5

Describe RER

Answer 5

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Consists of flattened sacs called cisternae
• Studded with ribosomes

Question 6

Function of RER

Answer 6

• Intracellular transport system and provides a large surface area for ribosomes
• The ribosomes make protein which is then transported within the ER’s flattened sac (the sheets called cisternae)
• Some of the proteins are secreted by the cell, others are used within the cell

Question 7

Describe SER

Answer 7

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Consists of flattened sacs called cisternae
• Not studded with ribosomes (that’s why it’s smooth)

Question 8

Function of SER

Answer 8

• Production of lipids and steroids e.g.
• Cholesterol, phospholipids and steroid hormones

Question 9

Describe golgi body/apparatus

Answer 9

Series of dynamic, flattened sacs

Question 10

Function of golgi body/apparatus

Answer 10

• Receives proteins packages in vesicles from the ER at one end, and releases them from the other
• Modifies proteins e.g. by adding sugars to make glycoproteins
• Packages modified proteins into vesicles for transportation to the cell surface membrane and secretion out of the cell

Question 11

Describe ribosomes (20nm polypeptide)

Answer 11

• Not membrane bound
• 2 subunits (probably 80s/70s)
• Made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Question 12

Function of ribosomes (20nm polypeptide)

Answer 12

• Site of protein synthesis
• mRNA from the nucleus is read and used to assemble amino acids
• May be free in cytoplasm or bound to ER

Question 13

Describe lysosome (glycoprotein)

Answer 13

• Spherical sacs from golgi body surrounded by a single layer of membrane
• Contain powerful digestive enzymes

Question 14

Function of lysosome (glycoprotein)

Answer 14

• Protects the cell from enzymes contained within
• Enzymes are used in the breakdown of materials e.g. bacteria engulfed by WBC (white blood cell) in phagocytes
• Breakdown of old cell organelles
• Programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 15

Visualization of lysosome?

Answer 15

• Cell wall type shi
• Plasma membrane type shi
• Protein/enzymes within

Question 16

Describe plasma membrane (cell surface membrane)

Answer 16

• Present in all living cells
• Provides a selective barrier between the cells contents and the external environment

Question 17

Function of plasma membrane (cell surface membrane)

Answer 17

• Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
• Regulates the internal environment of the cell

Question 18

Describe mitochondria (2-5µm long)

Answer 18

• Consists of an outer and inner double membrane; inter-membrane space; inner-membrane folded into cristae; matrix with DNA and ribosomes

Question 19

Function of mitochondria (2-5µm long)

Answer 19

• Site of respiration
• Function is for energy production (ATP)
• Self-replicating
• Abundant in cells that are metabolically active
• e.g. liver, muscle, synopses between nerves

Question 20

Visualization of mitochondria?

Answer 20

• U know, in closer inspection, it’s looks like them cartoon monster mouths
• They still have ribosomes
• The circles not connected to walls are circular DNA
• The cylinder 2D looking dark one is the phosphate granule
• The cylinder connected to wall inside is the cristae/internal matrix?
• And as it’s got 2 membranes, together called envelope

Question 21

Describe chloroplast (4-10µm long)

Answer 21

• Consists of a double outer membrane
• Containing stroma with ribosomes, lipid, circular DNA and possibly starch
• Through the stroma are parallel flattened sacs, thylakoids stacked in places as granum
• Between the granum are the thylakoids that connect granum called lamellae

Question 22

Function of chloroplast (4-10µm long)

Answer 22

Thylakoids/granum are the site of photosynthetic pigments
- Chloroplasts, along with mitochondria are self-replication
- Abundant in palisade and mesophyll cells in the leaf

Question 23

Visualization of chloroplast?

Answer 23

• Well they have an outer and inner membrane so 2 lines ig
• Thylakoids, the one stacked on top of each other
• Tho all together called a granum
• And the connections between granum is the stroma/lamellae
• Course they have ribosomes
• They have DNA too
• Sometimes has starch granule, thylakoid but bigger and not stacked
• And I think the circles on it are lipid droplets

Question 24

Describe cellulose cell wall

Answer 24

• On the outside of the plant cell’s membrane
• Made from bundles of cellulose fibers

Question 25

Function of cellulose cell wall

Answer 25

- Supports the cell - Helps the maintenance of the cell shape - Fully permeable

Question 26

Describe centriole

Answer 26

- Small tubes of protein fibres (microtubules) - There is a pair of them next to the nucleus in animal cells [and some protocists?]

Question 27

Function of centriole

Answer 27

- Takes part in cell division - The spindle fibres used to move chromosomes grown from this organelle (mitosis/meiosis) - Involved in formation of cilia and undulipodia

Question 28

Visualization of centriole?

Answer 28

Flowers looking organelle

Question 29

Describe vacuole

Answer 29

- Small, non-permanent vacuole in animal cells - Large permanent vacuole in plant cells surrounded by a tonoplast

Question 30

Function of vacuole

Answer 30

- Animal cell vacuole may be formed during phagocytosis or act as contractile vacuole - Plant cell vacuoles function as storage site for water and solutes and maintain cell turgidity

Question 31

Visualization of vacuole? (difference in plant & animal cells)

Answer 31

- For an animal cell, pretty small with nothing in it and once again it's non-permanent - For a plant cell, hella big, and crazy how it has nothing in it either from our pov, in addition be aware of tonoplast, separates contents of within n shi

Question 32

Describe cilia and undulipodia (flagellum)

Answer 32

- [provisions?] from the cell - Surrounded by the cell surface membrane - Formed from the centrioles - Contain microtubules

Question 33

Function of cilia and undulipodia (flagellum)

Answer 33

- In sperm, the undulipodia (a long cilium) forms the tail for swimming - In paramecium, more cilia are used to move the cell and to move food into the cell - In the airways, the epithelia are ciliated to move mucus to the top of the throat

Question 34

Visualization of cilia and undulipodia (flagellum)?????

Answer 34

- It appears to be the "petals" on the centriole, if u know u know - However ig within them petals are just more of the paired What da hell