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Bio A Levels Unit 1 Linton/Jones re-run > All the organelles (very exclusive) > Flashcards

All the organelles (very exclusive) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe nucleus

A
  • Double membrane-bound
  • Nuclear envelope & pores
  • Chromatin
  • Histone protein and the nucleolus
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2
Q

Function of nucleus
(kinda just includes what the different parts within do…. icl i’ll state whats within tho lol:
- Nuclear envelope
- Nuclear pore
- Chromosomes
- Nucleolus)

A
  • Nuclear envelope separates contents of nucleus from rest of cell
  • Pores allow transport of mRNA and nucleotides (bases)
  • Chromosomes carry the genetic code for the production of proteins (to control cell activity)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced in the nucleolus
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3
Q

Describe nucleolus

A
  • Area of dense chromatin within nucleus
  • Granular structure & not membrane bound
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4
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Makes rRNA and assembles ribosomes

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5
Q

Describe RER

A
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Consists of flattened sacs called cisternae
  • Studded with ribosomes
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6
Q

Function of RER

A
  • Intracellular transport system and provides a large surface area for ribosomes
  • The ribosomes make protein which is then transported within the ER’s flattened sac (the sheets called cisternae)
  • Some of the proteins are secreted by the cell, others are used within the cell
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7
Q

Describe SER

A
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Consists of flattened sacs called cisternae
  • Not studded with ribosomes (that’s why it’s smooth)
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8
Q

Function of SER

A
  • Production of lipids and steroids e.g.
  • Cholesterol, phospholipids and steroid hormones
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9
Q

Describe golgi body/apparatus

A

Series of dynamic, flattened sacs

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10
Q

Function of golgi body/apparatus

A
  • Receives proteins packages in vesicles from the ER at one end, and releases them from the other
  • Modifies proteins e.g. by adding sugars to make glycoproteins
  • Packages modified proteins into vesicles for transportation to the cell surface membrane and secretion out of the cell
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11
Q

Describe ribosomes (20nm polypeptide)

A
  • Not membrane bound
  • 2 subunits (probably 80s/70s)
  • Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
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12
Q

Function of ribosomes (20nm polypeptide)

A
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • mRNA from the nucleus is read and used to assemble amino acids
  • May be free in cytoplasm or bound to ER
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13
Q

Describe lysosome (glycoprotein)

A
  • Spherical sacs from golgi body surrounded by a single layer of membrane
  • Contain powerful digestive enzymes
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14
Q

Function of lysosome (glycoprotein)

A
  • Protects the cell from enzymes contained within
  • Enzymes are used in the breakdown of materials e.g. bacteria engulfed by WBC (white blood cell) in phagocytes
  • Breakdown of old cell organelles
  • Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
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15
Q

Visualization of lysosome?

A
  • Cell wall type shi
  • Plasma membrane type shi
  • Protein/enzymes within
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16
Q

Describe plasma membrane (cell surface membrane)

A
  • Present in all living cells
  • Provides a selective barrier between the cells contents and the external environment
17
Q

Function of plasma membrane (cell surface membrane)

A
  • Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell
  • Regulates the internal environment of the cell
18
Q

Describe mitochondria (2-5µm long)

A
  • Consists of an outer and inner double membrane; inter-membrane space; inner-membrane folded into cristae; matrix with DNA and ribosomes
19
Q

Function of mitochondria (2-5µm long)

A
  • Site of respiration
  • Function is for energy production (ATP)
  • Self-replicating
  • Abundant in cells that are metabolically active
  • e.g. liver, muscle, synopses between nerves
20
Q

Visualization of mitochondria?

A
  • U know, in closer inspection, it’s looks like them cartoon monster mouths
  • They still have ribosomes
  • The circles not connected to walls are circular DNA
  • The cylinder 2D looking dark one is the phosphate granule
  • The cylinder connected to wall inside is the cristae/internal matrix?
  • And as it’s got 2 membranes, together called envelope
21
Q

Describe chloroplast (4-10µm long)

A
  • Consists of a double outer membrane
  • Containing stroma with ribosomes, lipid, circular DNA and possibly starch
  • Through the stroma are parallel flattened sacs, thylakoids stacked in places as granum
  • Between the granum are the thylakoids that connect granum called lamellae
22
Q

Function of chloroplast (4-10µm long)

A

Thylakoids/granum are the site of photosynthetic pigments
- Chloroplasts, along with mitochondria are self-replication
- Abundant in palisade and mesophyll cells in the leaf

23
Q

Visualization of chloroplast?

A
  • Well they have an outer and inner membrane so 2 lines ig
  • Thylakoids, the one stacked on top of each other
  • Tho all together called a granum
  • And the connections between granum is the stroma/lamellae
  • Course they have ribosomes
  • They have DNA too
  • Sometimes has starch granule, thylakoid but bigger and not stacked
  • And I think the circles on it are lipid droplets
24
Q

Describe cellulose cell wall

A
  • On the outside of the plant cell’s membrane
  • Made from bundles of cellulose fibers
25
Q

Function of cellulose cell wall

A
  • Supports the cell
  • Helps the maintenance of the cell shape
  • Fully permeable
26
Q

Describe centriole

A
  • Small tubes of protein fibres (microtubules)
  • There is a pair of them next to the nucleus in animal cells [and some protocists?]
27
Q

Function of centriole

A
  • Takes part in cell division
  • The spindle fibres used to move chromosomes grown from this organelle (mitosis/meiosis)
  • Involved in formation of cilia and undulipodia
28
Q

Visualization of centriole?

A

Flowers looking organelle

29
Q

Describe vacuole

A
  • Small, non-permanent vacuole in animal cells
  • Large permanent vacuole in plant cells surrounded by a tonoplast
30
Q

Function of vacuole

A
  • Animal cell vacuole may be formed during phagocytosis or act as contractile vacuole
  • Plant cell vacuoles function as storage site for water and solutes and maintain cell turgidity
31
Q

Visualization of vacuole?
(difference in plant & animal cells)

A
  • For an animal cell, pretty small with nothing in it and once again it’s non-permanent
  • For a plant cell, hella big, and crazy how it has nothing in it either from our pov, in addition be aware of tonoplast, separates contents of within n shi
32
Q

Describe cilia and undulipodia (flagellum)

A
  • [provisions?] from the cell
  • Surrounded by the cell surface membrane
  • Formed from the centrioles
  • Contain microtubules
33
Q

Function of cilia and undulipodia (flagellum)

A
  • In sperm, the undulipodia (a long cilium) forms the tail for swimming
  • In paramecium, more cilia are used to move the cell and to move food into the cell
  • In the airways, the epithelia are ciliated to move mucus to the top of the throat
34
Q

Visualization of cilia and undulipodia (flagellum)?????

A
  • It appears to be the “petals” on the centriole, if u know u know
  • However ig within them petals are just more of the paired

What da hell

Bio A Levels Unit 1 Linton/Jones re-run (16 decks)

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