All Gi Flashcards
Saliva purpose
protect teeth from erosion by bacterial acids
mucus and digestive enzymes
saliva
t/f alpha amylase is only made in saliva
F
lot made in pancreas
t/f lower stomach can accomodate lot of food stuff
and can relax a lot
F
upper stomach
tf upper stomach accomodates lot of food and makes hcl to make a pH of 2
T
90%;80%
ingested food mat; ingested fluid both ingested in SI
ingested fluid ;ingested food mat both ingested in SI
ingested food mat. in SI; ingested fluid in LI.
ingested food mat; ingested fluid both ingested in SI
residual food material(fluid electrolytes)
ingested in LI
cellulose
ex of residual food undigested food
t/f in a given day ingested fluid is more than sec. saliva in a given day
F
saliva(1500 ml)
water(1200 mL indested/day)
tf most fluid and electrolytes ingested are absorbed by SI
T
tf 500 ml escapes into colon and most go into feces
f
70% is reabs
tf renal system involved in retaining fluid
T
lubricate and form protective film along surface of GI tract; protect from enzyme and acids
mucus cells
end cells
exocrine glands
mucus cells
not sufficient of high reg motility in GI tract
stretch act
intrinsic neural control
ext. neural control
stretch act.
amplifies and coordinates stretch act in GI smooth muscle
instrinsic neural control(ME)
hormones
pacemakers
instrinsic neural control(ME)
t/f intrinsic neural control has extrinsic innerv. thru vagus nerve
T
tf hormones play major role in SM GI tract contractility
F neural control most impotant control for GI tract
which of following isnt a inhibitory NT of myenteric plexur inh. neuron
VIP
ATP
No
ACH
Ach
propels food forward and hogenizes it to some extents
stretch act(alt contraction of circular and long muscles)
intrinsic neural control
ext. neural control
stretch act(alt contraction of circular and long muscles)
tf my. plexus is int to GI
T
tf LES is open when u swallow or have peristaltic activity
T
— —- are needed to swallow
tactile sensation
tf LES and UES are normally higher than atmospheric pressure
T
LES is coord by —-
myenteric plexus
TF Vagus neurons release ACH and innerv bothexc. and inh. myen. plexus nerves
T
originate in fibroblast cells called interstitial cells of hall
pacemaker cells
which way is not how you get slow wave reachthreshold so that you produce AP spikes
strecth act
stim of myen plaxus nerve
hormone
stim of mye plexus on vagus
stim of mye plexus on vagus
basic electrical rhythym
rhythmic change in membrane potential produced by pacemaker cells
tf AP generated by the slow potentials are variable and control force of peristaltic activity
T
tf
slow rhtyms start in esophogus and extend down to antrum of stomach
F
esophogus–> nill small wave rhythym
pacemaker motilitiy goes from antrum to end of gI tract
which os the following motilities isnt controlled by
peristalisis
esoph.
antrum of stomach
SI
SI–> controlled by segmenetation type contraction
rhytmic anular or ring like contraction
seg. type contraction in SI
T/F
pacemakers of SI are coupled to pacemakers of stomach
F
arent
T/f
pacemakes in SI osscilate slower than pacemaker of stomach
F faster
TF NET FORce in Proximal SI > Distal SI
T
NET forces drive food forward
amt of time contacting is greatest in
prox SI
middle SI
Distal SI
Prox SI
long lived anular segmentatin type contraction
colon
SI
Stomach
Colon
(have haustrations)
whic of following isnt a smalle uncharge polar molecule h20 urea glucose CO2
Glucose-
tf hydrophobic moles and ions can cross the lipid bilayer
f only phobic molecule ions are imperm and need channels and carriers
Tf glycerol can cross the Lipid bilayer
T it is a small uncharged polar mol
Carrier Contain tyr group ser group tryptophan group
tyr group
Selectivity filter of Carrier contains a K ion selects one type of ion depends on charge and distance b/n groups 2 and 3
2 and 3
tf carrier is only assessible from 1 side
f from both side
Net flux of ion channels downhill requires nrg influenced only by conc.
downhill influenced by conc and change in e- potential
tf carriers dont require a conformation change
F
Carriers dont get saturated Jmax occurs at km Jmax occurs when you have saturation km occurs at 1/2 jmxas
3 and 4
movement in carriers is from
high to low conc net flux = 0 when conc are same
tf in carriers conf. change occurs after dissociation
f binding conc. change dissociation
active transport
affinity are different
conc are same on both side
affinity are same
2 and 3
2 and 3
ex of active transport
p type atpase
tf na/k atpase and h/k atpase both transport k into cell
T
Ca atpase move Ca out move Ca in moves Ca out and H in
moves Ca out
Involved in active transport MDR1 CFTR
MDR1
ABC transporter doesn phos itself only involved in active transport example includes Na/k pump
doesnt phos itself
TF CFTR require ATP for moving CL
F Cl moves down conc gradient needs ATP to open pump
crenated cells made when red blood cell placed in hypertonic soln red blood cell placed in hypotonic soln red blood cell placed in isotonic soln
red blood cell placed in hypertonic soln
tf water moves from low to high osmotic pressure
T
tf alpha amylase is only made in the saliary secretions
f also made in pancreas
alpha amylase digests
glycogen and starch
after saliva breaks down starch and glycogen where are oligosaccharaides absorbed
Small Intestine
tf saliva has higher bicarb levels than blood
t
Saliva hypotonic; fluid goes out of cells hypertonic; fluid goes out of cells hypotonic; fluid goes into cells hypertonic fluid goes into cells
hypotonic; fluid goes into cells
transfer of fluid(saliva) from interstitial space to sal duct
isotonic
As saliva travels duct system; it loses electrolyte gains electrolytes stays isotonic
loses electrolyte starts off isotonic becomes hypotonic
tf saliva makes a minor lipase
T
which gland is serous SM SL Parotid
Parotid
correct the statement serous fluid has less viscosity than blood less electrolytes and contains alpha amylase
serous fluid has viscosity like blood more electrolytes and contains alpha amylase
TF SL gland produces mucus more viscous than Parotid
T Parotid makes serous gland that makes less visocus mucus
TF only the symp ns cause production of Saliva
F PS and S
smell taste chewing
causing production of saliva
tf cholinergic and adrenergic produce alpha amylase
T
VIP of cholinergic transport process vasodil alpha amylase 2 and 3
2 and 3
adrenergic make VIP NOrep Ach
NorEp
tf alpha receptor of adrenergic gets stimulated when you have high adrenaline and norep and it causes vasoconstriction
F –> it does cause vasoconstriction low level
correct the statement vasodilation occurs when low levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulate the alpha receptor . This occurs in the Adrenergic system
vasodilation occurs when high levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulate the beta receptor . This occurs in the Adrenergic system
stimulation of myoep cells
adrenergics
Kallikrein
made from gland cells
is a vaso constrictor
proteolytic enzyme
converts bradykinin to kininogen
1 and 3
1 and 3
.5m^2 to 300m^2
after infoldings(fold of kerckring, villi, and microvilli)
exists in villi and microvilli transporters for absorbing enzymes to break down protein and carb 1 nd 2
1 and 2
tf cells in small intestine are most mature when at the crypts
F when at the microvilli
Label the channel and pump
channel on luminalside (requires Na to go downstream)
pump on basolateral
pump
gets Na secreted
doesnt require energy
gets Na absorbed
Na ends up in the lumen
gets Na absorbed
on interstitium and cap side
which of the following can pass paracellularly
ions
Water
Glucose
Nas
1 and 2
ions and water
1 and 2
TF tight junction are tight at proximal duodenum
F they are loosest at duodenum
what is absorbed after Na paracellularly?
Na H20 follow —-?
Correct the statement
Tight Junction Form boundary between apical and basolateral domains of plasma membrane maintaining symmetrical distribution of membrane proteins
Tight Junction Form boundary between apical and basolateral domains of plasma membrane maintaining asymmetrical distribution of membrane proteins
made of only alpha 1,4 glucose links?
amylose
cellulose
amylopectin
amylose
made of glucose beta 1,4 links
amylopectin
amylose
cellulose
sucrose
cellulose
tf cellulose cant be broken into single glucose mol.
T
where does alpha amylase cut?
internal glu alpha 1,4 glu
made up of glucose alpha1,2 fructose bonds
sucrose
lactose
maltose
sucrose
made of glucose beta 1,4 galactose mol
sucrose
lactose
maltose
lactose
tf maltose makes up the least percentage of carbs and contains 2 glucose as it constituents
T
glu alpha 1,4 glu
tf sucrase can break down maltase and maltriose
T
alpha dextrin is broken down into
glucose
galactose
fructose
Glucose
which of the following cant break down maltose and maltriose
lactase
sucrase
maltase
alpha dextrinase
lactase
digestion and absorption of monosach. happens
in the
1/3 of Si
2/3 of SI
3/3 of SI
1/3 of SI
SGLT1
na glucose/ galactose contrasport(only binds one)
na glucose/ galactose contrasport(only binds both)
na glucose/ fructose contrasport(only binds one)
na glucose/ fructose contrasport(binds both)
na glucose/ galactose contrasport(only binds one)
GLUT 5
transports Fructose into intestinal cell
transports fructose and glucose to blood
requires Na
is next to glut 2
transports Fructose into intestinal cell
1–>transfer di and tri peptide into cell. cytolosolic peptidase digest them to single aa once in cel
2single aa goes with Na into cell(using nrg of NA)
3 facilitated carrier of AA
Tf glut transport glucose, fructose, galactose into blood with Na
F
no Na
tf glut 5 is energized and carries fructose into the cell
f
its a facilitated carrier and does carry fructose into cell
tf
all proteins hve to be broken down into single aa to be transported
F
they can be di and tri peptides
tf peptidases are active in breaking down proteins(> 3 aa) to only single AA
F
it breaks down proteins(>3aa) to tri, di, single aa
tf most of the Na pumps are on the lateral side close to junction
T
TF on the Basolaateral membrane
the aa only gets to the cap side by facilitate transport
F
it can diffuse thru lipid bilayer
TF most water absorption comes from Smal intestine
T
which of the following does not absorb water by isoosmotic absorption
prox duodenum
jejunam
colon
ileum
prox duodenum
the proxima duodenum absorbs water thru
osmotic equilibration
tf absorption water is primary to absorption of solute
F it is secondary
Order it
then goes into interstitial space
Na goes downhill into cell.
pressure build up in interstitial space
attracts h20
and fluid travels to cap
Na goes downhill into cell.
and goes into interstitial space
attracts h20
pressure build up in interstitial space
and fluid travels to cap
tf the fluid absorbed in the small intestine cells
is isotonic to plasma
T
there isnt a huge requirement for increase in osmolarity for H20 to follor salt into interstitial space
TF small intestine proximal side has a large diff in voltage
f
small diff because leaky junctions and transfer of NA
tf during a meal CL is absorbed
F it is secreted
How does cholera affect Cl transport
camp is irreversibly act
Aden cyclase is irreversibly act
Dec Cl secreted
camp is irreversibly act
NT binds receptor and inc Camp thru aden cyclase. since it is irreversible it act a kinase to phos the CL channel. Cl leaves and Na and H20 subsequently follow. this happens in excess
Tf Ca is absorbed in the Small intestine
T
paracellular transport of ca in SI
is active
passive
happens at the duodenum
happens under low ca intake
passive
need adequate to high Ca intake and happens at ileum
Ca transport transceullulary
calbindin,channel, pump
pump channel, calbindin
channel , calbindin, pump
channel , calbindin, pump
tf the pump and calbindin are activated by vit d
in the transcellular transport of Ca
T
DMT1
proton dependent Fe import
Ferratin
stores Fe and is irreeversible
mobiferrin
form complex with fe
ferroportin
basolt. side
tf after Fe is transferred to blood it is transferred to transferrin(plasma protein)
t
Ferratin
inh by low body fe
when inh allows less absorbtion
inh by more body fe
when inh allows more absorption
more than 1 name which
1 and 4
hepcidin
degrades ferropotin and limits Fe absorption
which of the following doesnt supress hepcidin
anemia
hypoxia
erythropoeises
iron loading
iron loading increase hepicidin
hypoxia
increases hepcidin
increases HIF and transporters
decreases HIF and transporters
increases HIF and transporters
low iron levels
inc hif and transporters
high O2 and Fe cell levels
dec. HIF and transporters
hereditary chromatosis
deficiency in hepcidin
tf glycerol side of TG is water insol and hydrophobic
F FA
sterol backbone cholesterol TG Bil salt
bile salt
3 OH and conjugate group with sterol backbone
BILE SALT
CMC
point at which bile salts saturate the aq surface of water bile salts bind back to back and head to tail(form micelles)
tf interfacial tension dec with monomer accumalation on surface of water
T
tf macromol assembly of micelles are hydrophillic
T
tf if u are at critical micelle concentration TG will dissolve in micells
F only FA and MG
TF phospholipids will dissolve in micelle bile salts wont
F both do
Micelles water soluble water insol package TG package MG but not FA
water soluble
TF micelles stored in the gall bladder arent mixed
F have lecithin and cholesterol
TF bile salts only solubilize cholesterol and lowers tendency to form gall stones
F Lecithin (phospholipid does as well)
which of the following doesnt leads to gall stone stasis minimal absorption of water and electrolytes higher among mexican americans and native americans excess chol. relative to bile salts
minimal absorption of water and electrolytes
TF galls stones more prevalent among men
F among female
tf in 1 peristaltic contraction there is large percent of fat entering Small int
F small
tf fat is digested faster than carbs in stomach
F fat is digested slow
emuls. agent
prevent coalescing of food particles after shear forces
smaller droplets vs. transfer to aq env
emulsion droplets vs. micelles
what stimulates transfer of emulsion droplets to enter SI
protonation–>aggregation then travel to SI
tf panc. lipase cleaves at 2 and 3 postion
F 1 and3 to form 2 FA and MG
inact by bile acids
panc lipase
panc lipase is sec inactively secretes in less quantity hydrolyzes quickly acts on 1 and 2 position
hydrolyzes quickly
interfacial enzyme
pan. lipase between fat droplet and GI tract soln
inact by bile salts
panc lipase
drug to prevent cholesterol uptake from GI track is
Zetia
TF chylomicronhave MG and FA
F have cholesterol and tg
which of the following make exo. organs make na bicarb to neutralise chyme in SI
Pancreas
Liver
Sal gland
panc
stores digested Hb; conc. form stored in –
liver; gb
filters trace metals
liver
tf most absorbed food and fluid are absorbed in SI
T
temporal and spatial reg
myenteric nerve plexus
amplifies the stertch act in stomach
myenteric nerve plexus
controls secretory events in stomach
submucosal nerve plexus
tf submucosal nerve plexus is more interior than myenteric plexus
T
not involved in homorgenization of food; but make sure food doesnt congest surface membrane
muscularis mucosa
tf ducts dont exist in the lumen of GI tract
F
produces HCL in stomach
exocrine cells
endocrine cell
duct
exocrine
tf upper third of esoph is not lined by SM
true
its line by skeletal muscle
varied tone and involuntary
Smooth muscle
tf vagus nerve directly stim musculature of GI
F
tf soft upper palate slammed downward prevents food into nasal passage when swallowing
T
tf upper esoph is smooth muscle
F skeletal muscle
upper third of esoph is innerve by
my. plexus
vagus
my. plexus modulating vagus
vagus nerve
les closed except
when swallowing and peristaltic activity
stretch act by
circl and long muscles in GI
basic electrical rhythym
frequency of slow wave potential
tf stim of vagus on my plexus nerve will cause slow potential to reach threshold
T
which of the following is not a hydrophobic
o2
benzene
n2
h20
h20
h20 and urea
small uncharges polar mol
carriers
facilitated diffusion
p type atpase
ca out
TF CFTR requires ATP hyd.
F
Na glucose cotransport
indirectly relies on ATP hyd(to keep Na in cell low)
–> Na can then travel down hill to get glucose in the cell(uphill)
tf aquaporins exist in RBC
T
tf saliva becomes isotonic as it goes into duct. it gains ions
F loses ion
lyszyme of saliva
break bacteria wall so saliva can give its fluid
lactoferrin
glues bacteria
less FE so bacteria cant thrive
protease inh –> because bacteria make protease that destory cell
inc Ca
less FE so bacteria cant thrive
histatin
inc ca
make kallikrein
protese inh
lowers the FE content
fungus inh
fungus inh
tf r protein will bind vit b12 in stomach to prevent its degradation. then it will degrade in SI and hand it over to IF made from parietal cells of stomach
it will then bind the receptor in distal ileum and be absorbed
T
TF serous fluid and is less viscous and has more electrolyte
T
vasodilation and incr. fluid from circ system to saliv. gland
Kallikrein
tf kallikrein is made from gland cells that surround myop cells
t
tf as you go dow duct system
Na and HCO3 are exchange
making saliva rich in bicarb
F
Cl and bicarb exchanged
Na cl
resorbed in Duct system to produce hyotonic saliva
cystatin; histatin
protease inh; fungus inh
columnar cells
sal. ducts
make saliva hypotonic
tf when you inc saliva secretion
there are inc. Na
T
SGLT1
na glucose cotransport
Pept1
transfer di, tri, 1 aa into intestine
single aa is brought into intestinal cell by
cotransport, and facilitated carrier
fluid absorption
JI
colon
isoosmotic absorption
K rereabs to blood paracellularly
jejunum
tf at both jej and colon Cl reab paracellularly
T
feature distinct among jej and colon
Na/ H exchanger(na to cell)
HCO3 channel to blood
Na/ HCO3 cotranspor
K transports paracelulary to cap.
Na/ H exchanger(na to cell)
K channel to lumen
COlon
Na channel into cell
Colon
Cl pump out to blood
Colon
Ca absorption in upper duodenum
transceullular
hepcidan
inc by iron loading
low cell iron and hypoxia inc
hepcidan
describe path of Fat
lumen enterocyte lymp blood
lumen enterocyte blood lymp
lumen enterocyte blood lymp enterocyte
lumen enterocyte lymp blood
tf once in the enterocyte
chylomicron remake TG in chylomicron
T
tf when in the blood lipo pro lipase
make TG
F it digest the chylomicron
lipo protein lipase
digest fat in blood
bile salts
made from cholesterol
mixed micelles
in gall bladder
gall stone imbalance of — in relation to amt of —-
bile salt and cholesterol(too much)
CCK triggers
GB(release bile) and sphincter of oddi(open up)
pancreas(release lipas)
acid in SI
triggers secretin (pancreasmakes bicarb)
TF with more MG in micelles you can pack more
cholesterol
T
ZEtia
prevent cholesterol uptake in GI
enterohep circulation
sends bile salts back to liver
tf in the enterocytes cell digestion products of fat are transported ER
T
ER makes chylomicron
TG with short FA
dont need micells, have good h20 solubility
vit AEDK
need micelles bt dont need enzyme to digest them
beta agonist and insulin
treat hyperkalemia
proximal tubule K reabs
secondary to water and diffusion
tf K is secreted in the CD by principle cell
T
tf aldosterone sec is stim by inc plasma conc or hyperkalemia
T
