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GI1 > All Gi > Flashcards

All Gi Flashcards

1
Q

Saliva purpose

A

protect teeth from erosion by bacterial acids

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2
Q

mucus and digestive enzymes

A

saliva

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3
Q

t/f alpha amylase is only made in saliva

A

F

lot made in pancreas

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4
Q

t/f lower stomach can accomodate lot of food stuff

and can relax a lot

A

F

upper stomach

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5
Q

tf upper stomach accomodates lot of food and makes hcl to make a pH of 2

A

T

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6
Q

90%;80%

ingested food mat; ingested fluid both ingested in SI

ingested fluid ;ingested food mat both ingested in SI

ingested food mat. in SI; ingested fluid in LI.

A

ingested food mat; ingested fluid both ingested in SI

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7
Q

residual food material(fluid electrolytes)

A

ingested in LI

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8
Q

cellulose

A

ex of residual food undigested food

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9
Q

t/f in a given day ingested fluid is more than sec. saliva in a given day

A

F

saliva(1500 ml)

water(1200 mL indested/day)

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10
Q

tf most fluid and electrolytes ingested are absorbed by SI

A

T

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11
Q

tf 500 ml escapes into colon and most go into feces

A

f

70% is reabs

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12
Q

tf renal system involved in retaining fluid

A

T

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13
Q

lubricate and form protective film along surface of GI tract; protect from enzyme and acids

mucus cells

end cells

exocrine glands

A

mucus cells

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14
Q

not sufficient of high reg motility in GI tract

stretch act

intrinsic neural control

ext. neural control

A

stretch act.

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15
Q

amplifies and coordinates stretch act in GI smooth muscle

instrinsic neural control(ME)

hormones

pacemakers

A

instrinsic neural control(ME)

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16
Q

t/f intrinsic neural control has extrinsic innerv. thru vagus nerve

A

T

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17
Q

tf hormones play major role in SM GI tract contractility

A

F neural control most impotant control for GI tract

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18
Q

which of following isnt a inhibitory NT of myenteric plexur inh. neuron

VIP

ATP

No

ACH

A

Ach

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19
Q

propels food forward and hogenizes it to some extents

stretch act(alt contraction of circular and long muscles)

intrinsic neural control

ext. neural control

A

stretch act(alt contraction of circular and long muscles)

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20
Q

tf my. plexus is int to GI

A

T

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21
Q

tf LES is open when u swallow or have peristaltic activity

A

T

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22
Q

— —- are needed to swallow

A

tactile sensation

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23
Q

tf LES and UES are normally higher than atmospheric pressure

A

T

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24
Q

LES is coord by —-

A

myenteric plexus

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25
Q

TF Vagus neurons release ACH and innerv bothexc. and inh. myen. plexus nerves

A

T

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26
Q

originate in fibroblast cells called interstitial cells of hall

A

pacemaker cells

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27
Q

which way is not how you get slow wave reachthreshold so that you produce AP spikes

strecth act

stim of myen plaxus nerve

hormone

stim of mye plexus on vagus

A

stim of mye plexus on vagus

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28
Q

basic electrical rhythym

A

rhythmic change in membrane potential produced by pacemaker cells

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29
Q

tf AP generated by the slow potentials are variable and control force of peristaltic activity

A

T

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30
Q

tf

slow rhtyms start in esophogus and extend down to antrum of stomach

A

F

esophogus–> nill small wave rhythym

pacemaker motilitiy goes from antrum to end of gI tract

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31
Q

which os the following motilities isnt controlled by

peristalisis

esoph.

antrum of stomach

SI

A

SI–> controlled by segmenetation type contraction

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32
Q

rhytmic anular or ring like contraction

A

seg. type contraction in SI

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33
Q

T/F

pacemakers of SI are coupled to pacemakers of stomach

A

F

arent

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34
Q

T/f

pacemakes in SI osscilate slower than pacemaker of stomach

A

F faster

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35
Q

TF NET FORce in Proximal SI > Distal SI

A

T

NET forces drive food forward

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36
Q

amt of time contacting is greatest in

prox SI

middle SI

Distal SI

A

Prox SI

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37
Q

long lived anular segmentatin type contraction

colon

SI

Stomach

A

Colon

(have haustrations)

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38
Q

whic of following isnt a smalle uncharge polar molecule h20 urea glucose CO2

A

Glucose-

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39
Q

tf hydrophobic moles and ions can cross the lipid bilayer

A

f only phobic molecule ions are imperm and need channels and carriers

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40
Q

Tf glycerol can cross the Lipid bilayer

A

T it is a small uncharged polar mol

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41
Q

Carrier Contain tyr group ser group tryptophan group

A

tyr group

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42
Q

Selectivity filter of Carrier contains a K ion selects one type of ion depends on charge and distance b/n groups 2 and 3

A

2 and 3

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43
Q

tf carrier is only assessible from 1 side

A

f from both side

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44
Q

Net flux of ion channels downhill requires nrg influenced only by conc.

A

downhill influenced by conc and change in e- potential

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45
Q

tf carriers dont require a conformation change

A

F

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46
Q

Carriers dont get saturated Jmax occurs at km Jmax occurs when you have saturation km occurs at 1/2 jmxas

A

3 and 4

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47
Q

movement in carriers is from

A

high to low conc net flux = 0 when conc are same

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48
Q

tf in carriers conf. change occurs after dissociation

A

f binding conc. change dissociation

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49
Q

active transport

affinity are different

conc are same on both side

affinity are same

2 and 3

A

2 and 3

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50
Q

ex of active transport

A

p type atpase

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51
Q

tf na/k atpase and h/k atpase both transport k into cell

A

T

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52
Q

Ca atpase move Ca out move Ca in moves Ca out and H in

A

moves Ca out

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53
Q

Involved in active transport MDR1 CFTR

A

MDR1

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54
Q

ABC transporter doesn phos itself only involved in active transport example includes Na/k pump

A

doesnt phos itself

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55
Q

TF CFTR require ATP for moving CL

A

F Cl moves down conc gradient needs ATP to open pump

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56
Q

crenated cells made when red blood cell placed in hypertonic soln red blood cell placed in hypotonic soln red blood cell placed in isotonic soln

A

red blood cell placed in hypertonic soln

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57
Q

tf water moves from low to high osmotic pressure

A

T

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58
Q

tf alpha amylase is only made in the saliary secretions

A

f also made in pancreas

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59
Q

alpha amylase digests

A

glycogen and starch

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60
Q

after saliva breaks down starch and glycogen where are oligosaccharaides absorbed

A

Small Intestine

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61
Q

tf saliva has higher bicarb levels than blood

A

t

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62
Q

Saliva hypotonic; fluid goes out of cells hypertonic; fluid goes out of cells hypotonic; fluid goes into cells hypertonic fluid goes into cells

A

hypotonic; fluid goes into cells

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63
Q

transfer of fluid(saliva) from interstitial space to sal duct

A

isotonic

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64
Q

As saliva travels duct system; it loses electrolyte gains electrolytes stays isotonic

A

loses electrolyte starts off isotonic becomes hypotonic

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65
Q

tf saliva makes a minor lipase

A

T

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66
Q

which gland is serous SM SL Parotid

A

Parotid

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67
Q

correct the statement serous fluid has less viscosity than blood less electrolytes and contains alpha amylase

A

serous fluid has viscosity like blood more electrolytes and contains alpha amylase

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68
Q

TF SL gland produces mucus more viscous than Parotid

A

T Parotid makes serous gland that makes less visocus mucus

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69
Q

TF only the symp ns cause production of Saliva

A

F PS and S

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70
Q

smell taste chewing

A

causing production of saliva

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71
Q

tf cholinergic and adrenergic produce alpha amylase

A

T

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72
Q

VIP of cholinergic transport process vasodil alpha amylase 2 and 3

A

2 and 3

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73
Q

adrenergic make VIP NOrep Ach

A

NorEp

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74
Q

tf alpha receptor of adrenergic gets stimulated when you have high adrenaline and norep and it causes vasoconstriction

A

F –> it does cause vasoconstriction low level

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75
Q

correct the statement vasodilation occurs when low levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulate the alpha receptor . This occurs in the Adrenergic system

A

vasodilation occurs when high levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulate the beta receptor . This occurs in the Adrenergic system

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76
Q

stimulation of myoep cells

A

adrenergics

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77
Q

Kallikrein

made from gland cells

is a vaso constrictor

proteolytic enzyme

converts bradykinin to kininogen

1 and 3

A

1 and 3

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78
Q

.5m^2 to 300m^2

A

after infoldings(fold of kerckring, villi, and microvilli)

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79
Q

exists in villi and microvilli transporters for absorbing enzymes to break down protein and carb 1 nd 2

A

1 and 2

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80
Q

tf cells in small intestine are most mature when at the crypts

A

F when at the microvilli

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81
Q

Label the channel and pump

A

channel on luminalside (requires Na to go downstream)

pump on basolateral

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83
Q

pump

gets Na secreted

doesnt require energy

gets Na absorbed

Na ends up in the lumen

A

gets Na absorbed

on interstitium and cap side

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84
Q

which of the following can pass paracellularly

ions

Water

Glucose

Nas

1 and 2

A

ions and water

1 and 2

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85
Q

TF tight junction are tight at proximal duodenum

A

F they are loosest at duodenum

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86
Q

what is absorbed after Na paracellularly?

A
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87
Q

Na H20 follow —-?

A
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88
Q

Correct the statement

Tight Junction Form boundary between apical and basolateral domains of plasma membrane maintaining symmetrical distribution of membrane proteins

A

Tight Junction Form boundary between apical and basolateral domains of plasma membrane maintaining asymmetrical distribution of membrane proteins

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91
Q

made of only alpha 1,4 glucose links?

amylose

cellulose

amylopectin

A

amylose

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92
Q

made of glucose beta 1,4 links

amylopectin

amylose

cellulose

sucrose

A

cellulose

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93
Q

tf cellulose cant be broken into single glucose mol.

A

T

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94
Q

where does alpha amylase cut?

A

internal glu alpha 1,4 glu

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95
Q

made up of glucose alpha1,2 fructose bonds

sucrose

lactose

maltose

A

sucrose

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96
Q

made of glucose beta 1,4 galactose mol

sucrose

lactose

maltose

A

lactose

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97
Q

tf maltose makes up the least percentage of carbs and contains 2 glucose as it constituents

A

T

glu alpha 1,4 glu

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99
Q

tf sucrase can break down maltase and maltriose

A

T

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100
Q

alpha dextrin is broken down into

glucose

galactose

fructose

A

Glucose

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101
Q

which of the following cant break down maltose and maltriose

lactase

sucrase

maltase

alpha dextrinase

A

lactase

102
Q

digestion and absorption of monosach. happens

in the

1/3 of Si

2/3 of SI

3/3 of SI

A

1/3 of SI

103
Q

SGLT1

na glucose/ galactose contrasport(only binds one)

na glucose/ galactose contrasport(only binds both)

na glucose/ fructose contrasport(only binds one)

na glucose/ fructose contrasport(binds both)

A

na glucose/ galactose contrasport(only binds one)

104
Q

GLUT 5

transports Fructose into intestinal cell

transports fructose and glucose to blood

requires Na

is next to glut 2

A

transports Fructose into intestinal cell

105
Q
A

1–>transfer di and tri peptide into cell. cytolosolic peptidase digest them to single aa once in cel

2single aa goes with Na into cell(using nrg of NA)

3 facilitated carrier of AA

106
Q

Tf glut transport glucose, fructose, galactose into blood with Na

A

F

no Na

107
Q

tf glut 5 is energized and carries fructose into the cell

A

f

its a facilitated carrier and does carry fructose into cell

108
Q

tf

all proteins hve to be broken down into single aa to be transported

A

F

they can be di and tri peptides

109
Q

tf peptidases are active in breaking down proteins(> 3 aa) to only single AA

A

F

it breaks down proteins(>3aa) to tri, di, single aa

111
Q

tf most of the Na pumps are on the lateral side close to junction

A

T

112
Q

TF on the Basolaateral membrane

the aa only gets to the cap side by facilitate transport

A

F

it can diffuse thru lipid bilayer

113
Q

TF most water absorption comes from Smal intestine

A

T

114
Q

which of the following does not absorb water by isoosmotic absorption

prox duodenum

jejunam

colon

ileum

A

prox duodenum

115
Q

the proxima duodenum absorbs water thru

A

osmotic equilibration

116
Q

tf absorption water is primary to absorption of solute

A

F it is secondary

118
Q

Order it

then goes into interstitial space

Na goes downhill into cell.

pressure build up in interstitial space

attracts h20

and fluid travels to cap

A

Na goes downhill into cell.

and goes into interstitial space

attracts h20

pressure build up in interstitial space

and fluid travels to cap

119
Q

tf the fluid absorbed in the small intestine cells

is isotonic to plasma

A

T

there isnt a huge requirement for increase in osmolarity for H20 to follor salt into interstitial space

120
Q

TF small intestine proximal side has a large diff in voltage

A

f

small diff because leaky junctions and transfer of NA

121
Q

tf during a meal CL is absorbed

A

F it is secreted

122
Q

How does cholera affect Cl transport

camp is irreversibly act

Aden cyclase is irreversibly act

Dec Cl secreted

A

camp is irreversibly act

NT binds receptor and inc Camp thru aden cyclase. since it is irreversible it act a kinase to phos the CL channel. Cl leaves and Na and H20 subsequently follow. this happens in excess

123
Q

Tf Ca is absorbed in the Small intestine

A

T

124
Q

paracellular transport of ca in SI

is active

passive

happens at the duodenum

happens under low ca intake

A

passive

need adequate to high Ca intake and happens at ileum

125
Q

Ca transport transceullulary

calbindin,channel, pump

pump channel, calbindin

channel , calbindin, pump

A

channel , calbindin, pump

126
Q

tf the pump and calbindin are activated by vit d

in the transcellular transport of Ca

A

T

127
Q

DMT1

A

proton dependent Fe import

128
Q

Ferratin

A

stores Fe and is irreeversible

129
Q

mobiferrin

A

form complex with fe

130
Q

ferroportin

A

basolt. side

131
Q

tf after Fe is transferred to blood it is transferred to transferrin(plasma protein)

A

t

132
Q

Ferratin

inh by low body fe

when inh allows less absorbtion

inh by more body fe

when inh allows more absorption

more than 1 name which

A

1 and 4

133
Q

hepcidin

A

degrades ferropotin and limits Fe absorption

134
Q

which of the following doesnt supress hepcidin

anemia

hypoxia

erythropoeises

iron loading

A

iron loading increase hepicidin

135
Q

hypoxia

increases hepcidin

increases HIF and transporters

decreases HIF and transporters

A

increases HIF and transporters

136
Q

low iron levels

A

inc hif and transporters

137
Q

high O2 and Fe cell levels

A

dec. HIF and transporters

138
Q

hereditary chromatosis

A

deficiency in hepcidin

139
Q
A
140
Q

tf glycerol side of TG is water insol and hydrophobic

A

F FA

141
Q

sterol backbone cholesterol TG Bil salt

A

bile salt

142
Q

3 OH and conjugate group with sterol backbone

A

BILE SALT

143
Q

CMC

A

point at which bile salts saturate the aq surface of water bile salts bind back to back and head to tail(form micelles)

144
Q

tf interfacial tension dec with monomer accumalation on surface of water

A

T

145
Q

tf macromol assembly of micelles are hydrophillic

A

T

146
Q

tf if u are at critical micelle concentration TG will dissolve in micells

A

F only FA and MG

147
Q

TF phospholipids will dissolve in micelle bile salts wont

A

F both do

148
Q

Micelles water soluble water insol package TG package MG but not FA

A

water soluble

149
Q

TF micelles stored in the gall bladder arent mixed

A

F have lecithin and cholesterol

150
Q

TF bile salts only solubilize cholesterol and lowers tendency to form gall stones

A

F Lecithin (phospholipid does as well)

151
Q

which of the following doesnt leads to gall stone stasis minimal absorption of water and electrolytes higher among mexican americans and native americans excess chol. relative to bile salts

A

minimal absorption of water and electrolytes

152
Q

TF galls stones more prevalent among men

A

F among female

153
Q

tf in 1 peristaltic contraction there is large percent of fat entering Small int

A

F small

154
Q

tf fat is digested faster than carbs in stomach

A

F fat is digested slow

155
Q

emuls. agent

A

prevent coalescing of food particles after shear forces

156
Q

smaller droplets vs. transfer to aq env

A

emulsion droplets vs. micelles

157
Q

what stimulates transfer of emulsion droplets to enter SI

A

protonation–>aggregation then travel to SI

158
Q

tf panc. lipase cleaves at 2 and 3 postion

A

F 1 and3 to form 2 FA and MG

159
Q

inact by bile acids

A

panc lipase

160
Q

panc lipase is sec inactively secretes in less quantity hydrolyzes quickly acts on 1 and 2 position

A

hydrolyzes quickly

161
Q

interfacial enzyme

A

pan. lipase between fat droplet and GI tract soln

162
Q

inact by bile salts

A

panc lipase

163
Q

drug to prevent cholesterol uptake from GI track is

A

Zetia

164
Q

TF chylomicronhave MG and FA

A

F have cholesterol and tg

165
Q

which of the following make exo. organs make na bicarb to neutralise chyme in SI

Pancreas

Liver

Sal gland

A

panc

166
Q

stores digested Hb; conc. form stored in –

A

liver; gb

167
Q

filters trace metals

A

liver

168
Q

tf most absorbed food and fluid are absorbed in SI

A

T

169
Q
A
170
Q

temporal and spatial reg

A

myenteric nerve plexus

171
Q
A
172
Q

amplifies the stertch act in stomach

A

myenteric nerve plexus

173
Q

controls secretory events in stomach

A

submucosal nerve plexus

174
Q

tf submucosal nerve plexus is more interior than myenteric plexus

A

T

175
Q

not involved in homorgenization of food; but make sure food doesnt congest surface membrane

A

muscularis mucosa

176
Q

tf ducts dont exist in the lumen of GI tract

A

F

177
Q

produces HCL in stomach

exocrine cells

endocrine cell

duct

A

exocrine

178
Q

tf upper third of esoph is not lined by SM

A

true

its line by skeletal muscle

179
Q

varied tone and involuntary

A

Smooth muscle

180
Q

tf vagus nerve directly stim musculature of GI

A

F

181
Q

tf soft upper palate slammed downward prevents food into nasal passage when swallowing

A

T

182
Q

tf upper esoph is smooth muscle

A

F skeletal muscle

183
Q

upper third of esoph is innerve by

my. plexus

vagus

my. plexus modulating vagus

A

vagus nerve

184
Q

les closed except

A

when swallowing and peristaltic activity

185
Q
A
186
Q

stretch act by

A

circl and long muscles in GI

187
Q

basic electrical rhythym

A

frequency of slow wave potential

188
Q

tf stim of vagus on my plexus nerve will cause slow potential to reach threshold

A

T

189
Q

which of the following is not a hydrophobic

o2

benzene

n2

h20

A

h20

190
Q

h20 and urea

A

small uncharges polar mol

191
Q
A
192
Q

carriers

A

facilitated diffusion

193
Q

p type atpase

A

ca out

194
Q

TF CFTR requires ATP hyd.

A

F

195
Q

Na glucose cotransport

A

indirectly relies on ATP hyd(to keep Na in cell low)

–> Na can then travel down hill to get glucose in the cell(uphill)

196
Q

tf aquaporins exist in RBC

A

T

197
Q

tf saliva becomes isotonic as it goes into duct. it gains ions

A

F loses ion

198
Q

lyszyme of saliva

A

break bacteria wall so saliva can give its fluid

199
Q

lactoferrin

glues bacteria

less FE so bacteria cant thrive

protease inh –> because bacteria make protease that destory cell

inc Ca

A

less FE so bacteria cant thrive

200
Q

histatin

inc ca

make kallikrein

protese inh

lowers the FE content

fungus inh

A

fungus inh

201
Q

tf r protein will bind vit b12 in stomach to prevent its degradation. then it will degrade in SI and hand it over to IF made from parietal cells of stomach

it will then bind the receptor in distal ileum and be absorbed

A

T

202
Q

TF serous fluid and is less viscous and has more electrolyte

A

T

203
Q

vasodilation and incr. fluid from circ system to saliv. gland

A

Kallikrein

204
Q

tf kallikrein is made from gland cells that surround myop cells

A

t

205
Q

tf as you go dow duct system

Na and HCO3 are exchange

making saliva rich in bicarb

A

F

Cl and bicarb exchanged

206
Q

Na cl

A

resorbed in Duct system to produce hyotonic saliva

207
Q

cystatin; histatin

A

protease inh; fungus inh

208
Q

columnar cells

A

sal. ducts

make saliva hypotonic

209
Q

tf when you inc saliva secretion

there are inc. Na

A

T

210
Q

SGLT1

A

na glucose cotransport

211
Q

Pept1

A

transfer di, tri, 1 aa into intestine

212
Q

single aa is brought into intestinal cell by

A

cotransport, and facilitated carrier

213
Q
A
214
Q

fluid absorption

A

JI

colon

isoosmotic absorption

215
Q
A
216
Q

K rereabs to blood paracellularly

A

jejunum

217
Q

tf at both jej and colon Cl reab paracellularly

A

T

218
Q

feature distinct among jej and colon

Na/ H exchanger(na to cell)

HCO3 channel to blood

Na/ HCO3 cotranspor

K transports paracelulary to cap.

A

Na/ H exchanger(na to cell)

219
Q

K channel to lumen

A

COlon

220
Q

Na channel into cell

A

Colon

221
Q

Cl pump out to blood

A

Colon

222
Q
A
223
Q

Ca absorption in upper duodenum

A

transceullular

224
Q

hepcidan

A

inc by iron loading

225
Q

low cell iron and hypoxia inc

A

hepcidan

226
Q
A
227
Q

describe path of Fat

lumen enterocyte lymp blood

lumen enterocyte blood lymp

lumen enterocyte blood lymp enterocyte

A

lumen enterocyte lymp blood

228
Q

tf once in the enterocyte

chylomicron remake TG in chylomicron

A

T

229
Q

tf when in the blood lipo pro lipase

make TG

A

F it digest the chylomicron

230
Q

lipo protein lipase

A

digest fat in blood

231
Q

bile salts

A

made from cholesterol

232
Q

mixed micelles

A

in gall bladder

233
Q

gall stone imbalance of — in relation to amt of —-

A

bile salt and cholesterol(too much)

234
Q

CCK triggers

A

GB(release bile) and sphincter of oddi(open up)

pancreas(release lipas)

235
Q

acid in SI

A

triggers secretin (pancreasmakes bicarb)

236
Q

TF with more MG in micelles you can pack more

cholesterol

A

T

237
Q

ZEtia

A

prevent cholesterol uptake in GI

238
Q

enterohep circulation

A

sends bile salts back to liver

239
Q
A
240
Q

tf in the enterocytes cell digestion products of fat are transported ER

A

T

ER makes chylomicron

241
Q

TG with short FA

A

dont need micells, have good h20 solubility

242
Q

vit AEDK

A

need micelles bt dont need enzyme to digest them

243
Q
A
244
Q

beta agonist and insulin

A

treat hyperkalemia

245
Q

proximal tubule K reabs

A

secondary to water and diffusion

246
Q

tf K is secreted in the CD by principle cell

A

T

247
Q

tf aldosterone sec is stim by inc plasma conc or hyperkalemia

A

T

248
Q
A

GI1 (8 decks)

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