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A-level History - French Revolution > All FR Key Dates Sections 1 - 4 & Explanations Of Things > Flashcards

All FR Key Dates Sections 1 - 4 & Explanations Of Things Flashcards

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1
Q

Louis XVI succeeds Louis XV as king

A

1774

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2
Q

France declared bankrupt

A

August 1788

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3
Q

Louis XVI declares war on England in support of American Revolution
(France joins American war)

A

1778

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4
Q

Assembly of Notables

A

1787

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5
Q

What was the Assembly of Notables?
What did Louis want?
What happened?
(4 points)

A

> assembly of ministers selected by the King
(Mostly nobles/royalty and some clergy)
wanted agreement with his proposals for new taxes and trade to help economy
minsters rejected for largely selfish reasons

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6
Q

Why was France’s bankruptcy significant?

A

> led to the announcement of the Estates General

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7
Q

When was the Estates General announced

A

August 1788

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8
Q

When was the Estates General?

A

5 May 1789

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9
Q

What was the Estates General?

A

> meeting of the three ‘estates’ of society in order to present their grievances / reforms to the King

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10
Q

When was the creation of the National Assembly?

A

17 June 1789

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11
Q

What was the National Assembly

5 points

A

> Third estate did not want estates to meet separately
also wanted voting by head (not order)
Third Estate refused to do anything until the other estates agreed to this
1 month deadlock
Third estate eventually decided to go ahead w/o the other estates and renamed themselves the National Assembly (representing the people)

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12
Q

When was the Tennis Court Oath?

A

20th June 1789

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13
Q

What was the Tennis Court Oath

4 points

A

> Louis tried to regain control by closing the meeting room of the National Assembly
N A saw this as a despotic act and wanted to march to Paris
too rainy for journee to Paris so went to nearest indoor space
royal tennis courts = all had to swear to an oath not to disperse until France had a constitution

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14
Q

When was the storming of the Bastille

A

14th July 1789

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15
Q

What was the storming of the Bastille?

8 points

A

> Louis started moving more troops into Paris
Louis dismissed Necker inflaming people of Paris
triggered armed revolt + more army kept arriving
Parisians siezed weapons and went to Bastille for gunpowder
Bastille was symbol of royal power
governor of prison refused to hand over gunpowder and panicked and got his men to open fire
the people were so angry they stormed the prison & murdered the governor
louis had now lost control of Paris

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16
Q

When was the great fear

A

July - August 1789

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17
Q

What was the great fear?

4 points

A

> unrest in the country due to high food prices & bad harvests
news of king’s surrender & defeat of nobility triggered great fear
rumours of nobles hiring brigands to destroy the harvests
peasants armed themselves and attacked nobles homes / documents / symbols of feudal power

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18
Q

When were the August decrees?

A

4 august 1789

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19
Q

What were the august decrees

4 poitns

A

Decrees suggesting:
> feudal right abolished
> tithes, hunting rights, seigneurial courts abolished
> citizens taxed equally
> all eligible for any office in church, state or army

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20
Q

When was the DoRoMaC

A

August 1789

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21
Q

What was the DoRoMaC

3 points

A

> precursor to constitution
made all citizens equal
firmly dismantled the Ancien Regime

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22
Q

When were the October days

A

October 1789

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23
Q

What were the October days

7 points

A

> Louis summoned troops to Paris
Louis refuses August Decrees and questions DoRoMaC
triggered violent journee (women in Paris sieze weapons and march on Versailles)
National Guard would not stop them
Louis forced to agree to Ausugt Decrees
next day crowd broke into palace and threatened the Queen
National Guard restored order but King and Queen now forced to go to Paris

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24
Q

When were the assignats issued

A

1789

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25
Q

What were the assignats?

A

> economic crisis

> assignats were government bonds issued to aid purchase of Church land (used as paper money)

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26
Q

When was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A

12 July 1790

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27
Q

What was the Civil COnstitution of the Clergy

4 points

A

> Bishops dioceses reorganised inline with new departments
all other clerical posts (except parish priests) removed
appointment to clerical post by election
clergy opposed

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28
Q

When was the Oath to the Civil Constition

A

27 November 1790

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29
Q

What was the Oath to the Civil Constitution

5 points

A

> deputies forced issue w/ clergy by forcing them to take an oath to the Constitution
Pope came out against the reforms
50% clergy refused (refectory clergy) and removed from posts
clash between religion and revolution for Catholics (Louis)
many now opposed the revolution

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30
Q

When was the flight to Varennes

A

20 June 1791

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31
Q

What was the flight to varennes

5 poitns

A

> louis conflicted from revolution by his religion and the fact he’d lost his power (prisoner in Paris)
blocked from leaving Paris in April to spend Easter as Saint Cloud
Louis decided to escape = left Paris in disguise
recognised at Varennes and brought back
anger at Louis (he’d left behind a proclamation denouncing the revolution) and put constitutional monarchy in doubt

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32
Q

When was Louis’ temporary suspension

A

July 1791

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33
Q

What was Louis’ temporary suspension

A

> Louis suspended from power until a new Constitution was written and he was signed and sworn to it

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34
Q

When was the Champ de Mars Massacre

A

17 July 1791

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35
Q

What was the Champ de Mars Massacre

4 poitns

A

> Cordeliers organised a republican petition to be signed on Champ de Mars
50,000 attended and National Guard called out to maintain order
NG fired on the crown and 50 killed
afterwards, Cordelier club shut down and its leaders (Brissot and Danton) fled

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36
Q

When was the declaration of Pillnitz

A

27 August 1791

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37
Q

What was the declaration of Pillnitz?

3 poitns

A

> declaration from Austria and Prussia
wanted freedom for the King to establish a monarchical government
it threatened the French = if they didn’t treat te king well they would go to war with them

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38
Q

When was teh first constitution

A

September 1791

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39
Q

What was hte constitution of 1791

2 points

A

> first French constitution
gave louis two key powers:
1. Powers to appoint ministers
2. SUSPENSORY VETO

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40
Q

When was the Legislative assembly created

A

October 1791

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41
Q

What was the legislative assembly?

4 poitns

A

> the new assembly of elected ministers under the constitution
mostly wealthy/bourgeoisie
two sides of assembly: Jacobins vs Feuillants (Plain in the middle)
passed two laws and louis vetoed both (increased his unpopularity)

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42
Q

When was war with Austria declared

A

April 1792

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43
Q

When was the sans-culottes first Journee to the Tuileries

A

20 June 1792

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44
Q

What is the first sans-culottes journee to the Tuileries

4 points

A

> 8000 sans-culottes and some National Guards march on Tuileries
carry petitions demanding Louis withdraw veto
Louis opens his doors to the protestors and puts on the bonnet rouge (revolutionary hat)
mob disperses but Louis does not rescind veto

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45
Q

When was la patrie en danger

A

11 July 1792

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46
Q

What was la patrie en danger

A

> decree stating fatherland is in danger

> challenges citizens to enlist for war service to unify / guard against enemies

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47
Q

when was the Brunswick manifesto

A

25 July 1792

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48
Q

What was the Brunswick manifesto

A

> proclamation by Duke of Brunswick, commander of allied army to the population of Paris
threatened violence to French civilians is the royal family were harmed

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49
Q

When was the second sans-culottes journee to the Tuileries

A

10 August 1792

50
Q

What was the second sans-culottes journee to the Tuileries

4 points

A

> Tuileries attacked and its defenders (Swiss guards) killed
Royals stayed with Legislative Assembly for refuge
deputies then forced to hand Louis over (he was imprisoned)
also had to agree to a new election of a National Convention that would draw up a democratic constitution

51
Q

When was the king’s suspension

A

10 August 1792

52
Q

What was the King’s suspension?

3 points

A

> Paris commune ‘removed’ the king and family to the Temple prison
avoided any proclamation to depose the king / establish republic - but declared King ‘temporarily suspended’
also kept him at the Temple (king was a prisoner)

53
Q

When were the September massacres

A

2 September 1792

54
Q

What were the September massacres

5 points

A

> Prussians advancing on Paris
rumours of planned of prisoners to escape prison, massacre Parisians and give Paris to the Prussians
extremists (like Marat) called for them to be killed
attacks led by Federes and sans-culottes on refractory priests in prison, political prisoners, ordinary criminals etc.
around 1,300 murdered and Paris Commune did not try to stop it

55
Q

When was the meeting of the National Convention

A

20 September 1792

56
Q

What was the elections to the National Convention

3 points

A

> elections for National Convention was first time all male adults (>21) could vote
Robespierre first choice to lead convention
(Danton, Marat and Desmoulins also chosen to represent capital)

57
Q

What was the national convention

A

> new government body

> distinct sides within it (Montagnards, Jacobins, Plain)

58
Q

When was the Victory at Valmy

A

20 September 1792

59
Q

What was the Victory at Valmy

3 points

A

> French army had defeated the Prussians at Valmy
Prussian forces withdrew from France
had temporarily saved the revolution

60
Q

When was the monarchy abolished / France declared a republic

A

21/22 September 1792

61
Q

When was the trial and execution of the King

A

January 1793

Guillotined 23rd Jan

62
Q

What was the trial / execution of the king

7 points

A

> Girondins wanted to try Louis and hold him hostage for future use in negoations with Prussians
Montagnards saw him as already guilty of treason and wanted him punished
Girondins won and National Convention agreed to try Louis
armoire de fer (wall safe) meant verdict was never in doubt
Robespierre and Montagnards wanted death penalty
Girondins wanted referendum
Louis found guilty and 387 voted death while only 288 didn’t

63
Q

When did France declare war on Britain and United provinces

When was the war with Spain

A

February 1793

March 1793

64
Q

What was the war with Britain and United Provinces / the war with Spain
(4 poitns)

A

> formed the first coalition
France now being attacked on all sides
France fighting against British financed block
began war of first coalition

65
Q

When was the creation of the revolutionary tribunal

A

March 1793

66
Q

What was the revolutionary tribunal

3 poitns

A

> politically motivated courts (for enemies)
very prolific with 5 judges on each
jury from Paris on each selected by National Convention

67
Q

When was the start of the revolt in the Vendee

A

mArch 1793

68
Q

What was the revolt in the Vendee

3 poitns

A

> revolt in Vendee in Western France
small beginnings in riots
escalated into open warfare
20,000 rebels (against revolution) controlled Vendee in March
CPS deployed troops to defeat the rebels (had succeeded by end of the year)
8,700 executed after being tried by military

69
Q

When was the CPS formed / represent ants-en-mission created

A

6 April 1793

70
Q

What was the CPS

5 points

A

> Committee of Public Safety
created to coordinate war effort
also to take responsibility for policing and justice
made up of nine members to be elected monthly
initially led by Danton & reported to Convention

71
Q

What were the representants-en-mission

3 potins

A

> 82 people appointed to work in Paris and travel across France ensuring loyalty and effecting functioning of departments
appointed by National Convention
reported daily to CPS and weekly to Convention

72
Q

When was the expulsion of Girondins and federalist revolts

A

2 June 1793

73
Q

What was the expulsion of the Girondins and federalist revolts
(Not finished this cars - im a bit confused)

A

> Girondins were less radical and favoured decentralisation
also had wanted Louis alive as negotiation tool
did not get what they wanted = therefore seen as untrustworthy
Girondins had support in the provinces but not in Paris
Girondins attacked sans-culottes for their more extreme actions

74
Q

When was Marat’s assassination

A

July 1793

75
Q

When was the levee en masse

A

August 1793

76
Q

What was the levee en masse

5 points

A

> conscription
meant ‘all french people on permanent requisition for services to armies’
all of french society (men, women, children, old)
men without descendants went to fight
everyone else worked in factories, histpitals, transport, to excite warriors

77
Q

When was the law of suspects

A

17th September 1793

78
Q

What was the law of suspects

2 points

A

> widened the definition of who was against the Revolution (royalists, federalists, relations of emigres etc etc.)
increased the number of people brought to the rev/ Tribunals

79
Q

When was the Law of General Maximum

A

September 1793

80
Q

What was the law of general maximum

2 points

A

> to help deal with rising food prices and grain supplies decrease
imposed an enforced wage and price controls throughout France

81
Q

When was the declatation of the revolutionary government

A

October 1793

82
Q

What was the declaration of revolutionary government

3 points

A

> National Convention decrees that Paris Commune should lessen meetings
limited organisation of sans-culottes
suspended the constitution

83
Q

When was the constitution of hte terror

A

4 December 1793

84
Q

What was the constitution of te terror

4 points

A

> estabilshed the revolutionary government
confirmed the CPS/CGS had full power of control
disbanded revolutionariy armies (except a Paris)
created centralised gov
(Basically a dictatorship)

85
Q

When was the spread of religious terror

A

Early 1794

86
Q

What was the religious terror

A

> dechristianisation campaign driven by sans-culottes / revolutionary armies / reps-en-mission

87
Q

When were the Hebertists and Dantonists removed?

A

march 1794

88
Q

What was the arrest/ ececution of Hebertists

5 points

A

> Hebertists wanted Terror and were arrested
released again in Feb
Herbs then accused CPS of betraying revolution and called for a popular rising (didnt happen)
rearrested mrach and and accused of betraying France to enemies
untrue but they were still convicted and guillotined

89
Q

What was te arrest/execution of the Dantons

A

> Indulgents were a faction led by Danton
more of a threat (Danton popular)
arrested and accused of conspiring to overthrow CPS
Danton so successsul defending himslef that CPS rushed through new decree
anyone insulting justice system could be removed
indulgents then removed, convicted and guilotined next day (4 April)

90
Q

When was the festival of the supreme being?

A

June 1794

91
Q

What was the festival of the supreme being

Not finished yet

A

> Robespierre cult of supreme being

Not finished yet

92
Q

When was the law of 22 Prairial

A

10 June 1794

93
Q

What was teh law of 22 Prairial

4 points

A

> widened definition of political crimes so that almost anyone could be included
guilty verdicts more likely (abolished defence)
only verdicts could be death or acquittal
numbers of deaths rose very sharply

94
Q

When was the overthrow of Robespierre (Thermidorian reaction)

A

July 1794

95
Q

What was the overthrow of Robespierre (Thermidorian reacaction)
(5 points)

A

> Robespierre address shouted down
day before arrest gave a speech claiming there was a ‘conspiracy against public liberty’
Robespierre and associates labelled as terrorists (blamed for the terror)
guillotined same afternoon (no trial)
Thermidorians were the men who overthrew Robespierre (members of CPS/CGS/ex-terrorists/National Convention)

96
Q

When was the journee of Germinal

A

April 1795

97
Q

What was the journee of Germinal

5 points

A

> high inflation + food shortages start of 1795
caused huge demonstration in Paris calling for bread and release of former members of CPS
gained no support from deputies
National Guard stayed loyal to Convention (would not support demonstrators) so they dispersed
some then exiled to ‘dry guillotine’ (Guiana)

98
Q

When was the journee of Prairial

A

May 1795

99
Q

What was the journee of Prairial

6 points

A

> more serious journee = some demonstrators armed and joined by National Guard
National Convention deputies forced to give in at cannon point
local army units then arrived and regained control
demonstration leaders arrested and executed / some imprisoned / thousands disarmed
broke the power of the sans-culottes
army loyalty crucial

100
Q

When was teh ‘White Terror’

A

April - May 1795

101
Q

What was teh ‘White Terror’

3 points

A

> muscadins beat up former Jacobins, militants and sans-culottes
provinces = extreme violence (some Prison massacres/street murders killing around 2,000 in 1795)
government unable / unwilling to stop this

102
Q

When was the Constitution of Year III

A

August 1795

103
Q

What was the Constitution of Year III

6 points

A

> designed to prevent return to monarchy or dictatorship of CPS
National Convention replaced by: Council of Five Hundred; Council of Ancients
annual elections for both (changed 1/3 members every year)
CPS replaced by Directory of Five:
- chosen by the ancients
- in office for five years
- one chosen by lot to retire each year
yearly elections caused instability
no way to resolve disputes which led to stalemate

104
Q

When was the Royalist Vendemiare uprising

A

October 1795

105
Q

What was the Royalist Vendemaire uprising

6 points

A

> royalists split (return to const/ monarchy under Dauphin?)
National COnvention passed law of two-thirds to endure councils would be dominated by those committed to revolution
prompted uprising & 25,000 demonstrators surrounded National COnvention
army dispersed them using cannon
300 died, but little repression afterwards
National Guard put under control of Napoleon

106
Q

When was the installation of Directory government

A

November 1795

107
Q

When did Napoleon become commander of army in Italy

A

March 1796

108
Q

What was important about Napoleon becoming commander of army in Italy
(2 points)

A

> he was given a temporary position defending National Convention against Vendemaire
showed great skill which earned him his promotion to commander of army in Italy

109
Q

When was the Italian campaign

A

1796-97

110
Q

What was the Italian campaign

2 points

A

> very successful campaign under Napoleon

> charismatic leader, won multiple victories, collected lots of money for Directory

111
Q

When was the Babeuf conspiracy

A

May 1796

112
Q

What was the Babeuf conspiracy

2 points

A

> Babeuf planned rev/ uprising of police and army to set up dictatorship
he was betrayed, tried and executed

113
Q

When was the Treaty of Campo Formio

A

October 1797

114
Q

What was the Treaty of Campo Formio

4 points

A

> French and Austrian Peace settlement
very advantageous
made Napoleon a National hero
ended the ware of the first coalition

115
Q

When was the Egypt campaign

A

May 1798

116
Q

What was the Egypt campaign

4 points

A

> very unsuccessful campaign
wanted to attack British interests but fleet destroyed in battle of the Nile (Nelson)
abandoned army in Egypt and returned to France
army did not escape Egypt until defeated by British in 1801

117
Q

When was the war of the second coalition

A

1799

118
Q

When was the Coup of Brumaire

A

November 1799

119
Q

What was the Coup of Brumaire

9 points

A

> Napoleon and Sieyes
Sieyes moved the Councils out of Paris on pretence of a Jacobin plot
proposed that they should think of a new constitution
army surround the hall & councils realise its a coup d’Etat
asked to vote on the new constitution but take too long
Napoleon enters (not allowed military in government) so deputies start to riot (DEFENESTRATION)
Lucien & Napoleon round up enough deputies to swear in Napoleon
once Napoleon and COnstitution accepted, deputies forced out of positions
1800 constitution sworn in by plebiscite

120
Q

When was the Constitution of Year VIII

A

December 1799

121
Q

What was the Constitution of Year VIII

5 points

A

> 3 consuls for 10 year terms
executive appointed Senate could overrule legislature and initiate legislation
did not uphold ‘DoRoMaC’
complex electoral system
more authoritarian / autocratic (Napoleon pushing for a dictatorship)

122
Q

When was the consulate

A

December 1799

A-level History - French Revolution (23 decks)

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