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P&T1 > All Conditions > Flashcards

All Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Marfans Def

A

Genetic conditions affecting the connective tissues which can damaged blood vessels, heart, skin, eyes, lungs and bones. Rare 1 in 5000

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2
Q

Marfans causes

A

Defect in chromosome 15, FBN1 gene which enables to the body to produce the proteins which helps give connective tissues it’s elasticity and stretch

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3
Q

Marfans diagnosis

A

Physical exam
Family history
Eye test
Echocardiogram - looks at sound waves for issues with aorta and heart valves
Genetic testing
CT & MRI

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4
Q

Marfans treatment

A

Depends on area
Aortic aneurysms treated to lower BP to prevent rupturing of aorta
Vision = glasses / contacts

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5
Q

Margans CP

A

Tall / thin
Long arms, legs, fingers and toes
Flat feet
High arched palate and crowned teeth
Heart murmurs
Nearsightedness
Curved spine
Stretch marks

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6
Q

Marfans complications

A

Eyes = eye retinal detachment = blurred vision / blindness

Curve in spine = scoliosis

Weakened aorta = aortic aneurysm

Weakened heart valve tissues = heart failure

Rib development = protruded / sicken chest

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7
Q

Marfans risk factor

A

Family history

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8
Q

Elhers danlos syndrome EDS
Def

A

Inherited disorder affecting connective tissues in skin and joints - stretchy / fragile skin. 11 different types eg hyper mobile & vascular

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9
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
Treatment

A

NSAIDS
Corticosteroids
Avoid sun
Immunosuppressants

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10
Q

Elhers danlos syndrome EDS
Cause

A

Variants and mutations in at least 20 genes which disrupt the production of collagen which weakens connective tissues

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11
Q

Elhers danlos syndrome EDS
Diagnosis

A

Family history
Currently loose joints and stretchy skin
Genetic testing to rule out other conditions

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12
Q

Elhers danlos syndrome EDS
Treatment

A

Pain = ibuprofen

BP = Blood vessels can be fragile so BP meds to reduced BP to lessen the stress on BV, eg ace-inhibitors ramipril

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13
Q

Elhers danlos syndromes EDS
Clinical presentation

A

Increased ROM

Joint and muscle pain

Dislocation

Clumsiness

Stretched, soft, velvet and fragile skin

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14
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
Def

A

autoimmune - immune system attacking itself, causing inflammation on joints, skins, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs

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15
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
Def

A

autoimmune - immune system attacking itself, causing inflammation on joints, skins, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs

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16
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
S&S

A

can be sudden/slow, mild/severe, temp/permanent
-fatigue
- fever
- joint pain/stiffness/swelling
- butterfly shaped rash on face
- white/blue fingers/toes when cold/stressed
- chest pain
- dry eyes
- headaches
- confusion

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17
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
Cause

A

unknown - can be environmental / genetics
Triggers:
Sun exposure = cells die releasing nucleus antigens that the body attacks
Infections
Meds - BP, antibiotics

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18
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
RF

A

women, 15-45, African/asian americans,

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19
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
Complications

A

Kidney damage/failure, Brain/CNS = visional issues, stroke, seizures. BV = decreased RBC causing anemia. Lungs = painful inflammation of chest cavity lining.

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20
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
Diagnosis

A

urine test = increase in protein and RBC would show kidney damage
blood count = decrease WBC and platelets
Imaging
Rash

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20
Q

DVT
Def

A

formation of a blood clot in deep veins (mostly legs)

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21
Q

DVT
S&S

A

swelling, pain, tenderness, cramping/throbbing in one leg, warm/red skin, visible/swollen veins

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22
Q

DVT
Treatment

A

is to prevent clot from growing/moving and to reduce risk of recurrence.
Blood thinners - warfarin
compression stockings - prevent swelling
IVC filter (rare) - prevent clots from travelling to lungs

23
Q

DVT
Causes

A

immobility
injury/surgery to BV
Cancer - chemotherapy
Hormonal causes = contraceptive pill, pregnancy
Infection

24
Q

DVT
Diagnosis

A

Ultra sound
Blood tests
venography = injected ink for BV to be seen on X-ray

25
Q

DVT
RF

A

Immobility
Age 60+
Obesity
smoking
family history
hormone replacement therapy

26
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm AAA
Def

A

Abdominal enlargement oe bulbing of the abdominal aorta

27
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm AAA
S&S

A

Often not noticeable until large/ruptured. Pulsating sensation in abdomen, deep constant abdo/back pain, nausea/vomiting, sudden & intense pain can be ruptured aneurysm

28
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm AAA
Treatment

A

Monitoring
surgery - repair / remove

29
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm AAA
Causes and RF

A

Genetic
Environment
Increased fatty deposits in artery can weaken/damage arterial wall
Age 60+
Males x5 more likely
smoking - weakens BV
HBP
Connective tissues conditions - Marfans / EDS

30
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm AAA
Diagnosis

A

Abdominal ultrasound
CT / MRI

31
Q

Hypertension
Def

A

HBP, elevated blood pressure in arteries

32
Q

Hypertension
s&s

A

blurry/double vision
fatigue
headaches
palpitations
nosebleeds
flushings
dizziness

33
Q

Hypertension
Treatment

A

Aim to reduce BP
Adopting healthy lifestyle = exercise, weight management, non smoking.
Meds - ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers.
Regular monitoring with GP

34
Q

Hypertension
Causes and RF

A

family history
age 65+ increases
obesity
unhealthy lifestyle diet - high sodium, fat and cholesterol levels.
Conditions - diabetes, kidney disease
Stress
Meds - contraceptive pills, steroids and antidepressants.

35
Q

Hypertension
Diagnosis

A

BP cuff

36
Q

Cushings
Def

A

Having excess cortisol hormone ACTH. Cortisol helps respond to stress and reduce inflammation

37
Q

Cushings
Cause

A

Tumor on pituitary or adrenal gland = increased ACTH
Taking corticosteroid meds - used to treat asthma, RA - Apart of negative feedback which shuts down cortisol production = Decrease ACTH

38
Q

Cushings
Population

A

Women, 30-40

39
Q

Cushings
RF

A

Overweight, uncontrolled T2D, HBP

40
Q

Cushings
S&S

A

S - Skin fragile
T - Trunk obesity from increased insulin
R - Round face, Reproductive issues (periods)
E - Elevated BP
S - Sugar level high
S - Stretch marks (purple)
E - Excessive body hair
D - Dorsocervical fat pad (neck hump),
depression / Mood swings

41
Q

Cushings
Diagnosis

A

24hr urine sample for cortisol amount
Blood / saliva test at night
ACTH plasma level check = decreased ACTH shows issues from the drugs, an increased ACTH can be from issues of disease/tumor
MRI of glands

42
Q

Cushings
Treatment

A

Tumor removal with steroid inhibitors
reduce steroids slowly

43
Q

Addisons Disease
Def

A

Adrenal glands dont make enough cortisol or aldosterone which is a failure of the adrenal cortex

44
Q

Addisons Disease
s&s

A

S - Sodium and sugar levels low = crave salt
T - Tired and weakness
E - Electrolyte imbalance
R - Reproductive issues - periods
O - lOw BP
I - Increased pigmentation brownish from
overactive pituitary gland
D - Diarrhea, depression

fatigue
fever
confusion
dehydration

45
Q

Addisons Disease
RF

A

Cancer, taking blood thinner, TB, T1D

46
Q

Addisons Disease
Causes

A

immune system issues - starts attacking adrenal cortex.
TB
Infection
Cancer

47
Q

Systemic Sclerosis
Def

A

group of autoimmune, inflammatory and fibrosis diseases that harden and thicken skin and connective tissues that surround organs and BV

48
Q

Systemic Sclerosis
Cause

A

unknown but can be immune system overactive which causes inflammation and injury to the cells that line BV
Affects cardiovascular which causing BP to increase
Affects lungs which causing fibrosis
Affects kidneys which causes renal crisis

49
Q

Systemic Sclerosis
RF

A

female x3
30-50

50
Q

Systemic Sclerosis
s&s

A

Face and hands = shiny tight skin, reduced ROM, ulcerates cracked skin, calcium deposits in fingers, white/blue fingertips
swallowing difficulties
cough
HBP
shortness of breath
Dilated BV

51
Q

Beta blockers
explain

A

Help with abnormal heart rhythm and angina, it block adrenaline.

52
Q

Calcium channel blockers
Explain

A

closes calcium channel which decreases calcium to heart and BV which slows down heart rate and slows BP

53
Q

ACE inhibitors
Explain

A

Stops ANG1 converting to ANG2 which relaxes BV as ANG2 is what constricts BV

54
Q

Elhers danlos syndrome EDS
Def

A

Inherited disorder affecting connective tissues in skin and joints - stretchy / fragile skin. 11 different types eg hyper mobile & vascular

P&T1 (6 decks)

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