parkinsons and diabetes Flashcards
what is parkinson
Age related degenerative brain disease that has a decreased dopamine neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia in the brain. these signals normally are what causes muscles to move. this alerted motor movement
what causes parkinson
decreased dopamine neurotransmitters in the bansal ganglia in the brain. These signs are what tells muscles to move. so this makes motor movement altered.
a gene mutation (LRRK2) and release of Lewy bodies
DJ1 decrease in protein which prevent protection of dopaminergic neurons.
risks of parkinsons
male
over 60
family history
trauma
stress
symptoms / signs of parkinsons
depression - seen in 50%
masked face
trouble swallowing
drooling
constipation
increased thoracic kyphosis
forward tilt
fixed elbows, hips and knees = rigidity
reduced arm swing
shuffled and shorted stepped gait
hand, arm and legs tremors
what is glucose homeostasis
primary energy source and has osmotic balance for body fluids
what is normal blood glucose levels
4-6mml/l
endrocrime system
pituitary gland - hormone released and its role
somatotropin - growth hormone.
growth in bones, skin, muscles and organs
as growth takes energy it also increase blood glucose levels
endocrine system
adrenal gland - its hormone and role
releases adrenaline
which increased blood glucose levels in medulla.
the cortex releases cortisol to convert fat cells into sugar which increase blood glucose levels
endocrine system
pancreas - name cells and their hormones
ghrelin = hunger hormone
PP cells = switches off hungry = over eating = obesity
Insulin (beta cells) = hormone that decreased blood glucose levels
Glucugo (alpha cells) = hormone which detect low blood glucose and release glucagon to increase blood glucose levels
type 1 and type 2 diabetes differences
T1D
body has a destruction of insulin
needs insulin injection
diagnosed at childhood
1 in 10
T2D
body has resistance of insulin
from bad lifestyle: smoking, obesity, high BP
diagnosed in adulthood
9 in 10
Mellitus diabetes symptoms and cause
increased urine from excess of glucose in urine
increase thirst from increase blood concentration
pear drop breath from increased ketones when blood glucose drops
long-term effects of poor blood glucose
PVD - increased BG = increased fatty deposition in blood vessels = increased blood flow in legs and arms = pain, limping and increased lactic acid
Diabetic foot = decreased blood flow in foot = nerves having decreased blood supply = poor perfusion = death, loss of sensation = loss of skin without knowing = infections
how does insulin decrease blood glucose levels
the beta cells release insulin and it binds to a receptor on the cell membrane
this signals glucose transports (GLUT4) in the cell to move to cell membrane
this creates a channel protein opening for glucose to move into the cell
this then reduces blood glucose levels
