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Organic Chemistry Il > Alkanes And Cycloalkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes And Cycloalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What are the major classes of hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons

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3
Q

A hydrocarbon with no double or triple bonds is said to be?

A

Saturated

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4
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

What is the shape and hybridization of all the carbon atoms in an alkane?

A

Sp3 hybridization, tetrahedral in shape

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6
Q

Why are alkanes unreactive to most chemical reagents?

A

Because of strong sigma bonds

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7
Q

What are alkanes sometimes referred to as?

A

Straight chain or acyclic alkanes to distinguish them from cycloalkane or alicyclic compounds

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8
Q

What are alkanes primarily used as?

A

Fuels, solvents, and lubricants

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9
Q

What are natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, lubricating oil, and paraffin wax composed of?

A

Of alkanes with different physical properties resulting from different ranger of molecular weights

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10
Q

Alkanes are polar or non-polar?

A

Nonpolar

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11
Q

Why are alkanes good lubricants and preservatives for metals?

A

They keep water from reaching the metal surface and causing corrosion

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12
Q

What are cycloalkanes?

A

Alkanes that contain rings of carbon atoms

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13
Q

Are most cycloalkanes reactive or unreactive?

A

Unreactive

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14
Q

What was cyclopropane used once as?

A

General anesthetic because its vapors cause sleepiness and a loss of consciousness

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15
Q

How did cyclopropane act like an anesthetic?

A

After inhalation into the lungs, cyclopropane goes into the blood
Due to its non polar nature, it rapidly leaves the blood and passes through the non polar membranes surrounding the central nervous system, where it produces anesthesia

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16
Q

Why is cyclopropane no longer used as an anesthetic?

A

Highly flammable and can cause explosions when mixed with air

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17
Q

What is the primary source of alkanes?

A

Natural gas and petroleum

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18
Q

What does natural gas mainly contain?

A

Methane

19
Q

Propane and butane are common fuels in what?

A

In propone gas burners and cigarette lighters

20
Q

Alkanes with 5 to 8 carbons are what?

A

Gasoline

21
Q

Alkanes with 9 to 16 carbons are what?

A

Diesel

22
Q

As the number of carbons increase the boiling point and viscosity…

A

Increases

23
Q

What does IUPAC stand for?

A

International Union of pure and applied chemistry

24
Q

What is a property of sigma bonds in alkanes?

A

The bond keeps rotating

25
Q

what does the rotation of the bond result in?

A

different spatial arrangement of hydrogen atoms in the molecule

26
Q

What are conformations?

A

The different spatial arrangement of the atoms/groups that result from the single bond rotation

27
Q

What are molecules with different conformations called?

A

conformers or conformational isomers

28
Q

What is staggered conformation?

A

All of the h atoms spread out

29
Q

What is eclipsed conformation?

A

All of the h atoms overlapped

30
Q

What is anti conformation?

A

Most stable staggered conformation

31
Q

When the largest groups on the front and rear carbon are 180° opposite to each other it is called?

A

Anti conformations

32
Q

When the two large groups are adjacent and are 60° to each other it is called?

A

Gauche conformation

33
Q

Which is the most stable cycloalkane?

A

Cyclohexane

34
Q

What is the most stable conformation of cyclohexane?

A

Chair conformation

35
Q

In the chair conformation of cyclohexane the total twelve c-h bonds can be divided into what two categories?

A

Axial → upward
Equatorial → downward

36
Q

What are the methods for preparation of the alkanes?

A

Laboratory method
From Grignard’s reagent

37
Q

what is the laboratory method?

A

The laboratory preparation of methane is done by heating sodium acetate in the presence of soda lime in a test tube
On heating, methane gas is formed due to elimination of Co2

38
Q

How are alkanes prepared from Gringard’S reagent?

A

Gringard’s reagent with water or dilute acid decomposes to alkanes

39
Q

What are the chemical reactions of alkanes?

A

Combustion
Halogenation
Cracking process
Hydrocracking

40
Q

What is combustion?

A

Rapid oxidation that takes place at high temperature converting alkanes to carbon dioxide and water

41
Q

What is halogenation?

A

Alkanes reacting with halogens to form alkyl halides

42
Q

What is cracking process?

A

Operates under conditions that give the maximum yield of gasoline
Without hydrogen giving a mixture of alkanes and alkenes

43
Q

What is hydrocracking?

A

Hydrogen is added to give saturated hydrocarbons

Organic Chemistry Il (12 decks)

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