Alcohols, Diols, Thiols

Question 1

What are alcohols ?

Answer 1

Organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups

Question 2

What is the most common and useful compound in nature, in industry, and around the house ?

Answer 2

Alcohol

Question 3

Ethyl alcohol was considered to be what?

Answer 3

The essence of wine

Question 4

Where is ethyl alcohol found in?

Answer 4

Alcoholic beverages, cosmetics, and drug preparations

Question 5

What is methyl alcohol used as ?

Answer 5

A fuel and solvent

Question 6

What is isopropyl alcohol use for ?

Answer 6

As a skin cleanser for injections and minor cuts

Question 7

What are alcohols with two OH groups called ?

Answer 7

Diols or glycols

Question 8

What does the term glycol generally mean ?

Answer 8

1,2 - diol or vicinal diol

Question 9

How are glycols usually synthesized ?

Answer 9

By the hydroxylation of alkenes, using peroxyacids, osmium tetroxide, or potassium permanganate

Question 10

What are phenols ?

Answer 10

Compounds in which an OH group is directly attached to an aromatic ring

Question 11

How do phenols differ from alcohols ?

Answer 11

Phenols are more acidic in water

Question 12

What alcohols are liquid at room temperature ?

Answer 12

11 to 12 carbon atoms

Question 13

Which alcohols are heavier but still fruity odors ?

Answer 13

Higher alcohols

Question 14

What are the two important intermolecular forces es responsible for the boiling point of alcohols ?

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonding
Dipole-dipole attractions

Question 15

Which is the major intermolecular attraction responsible for ethanols high boiling point ?

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonding

Question 16

Dipole-dipole attractions also contribute to what ?

Answer 16

To the relatively high boiling points of alcohols and ethers

Question 17

Explain the solubility of alcohols in water

Answer 17

Alcohols form hydrogen bonds with water, and several of the lower-molecular-weight alcohols are miscible with water

Question 18

When does the water solubility of alcohol decrease?

Answer 18

When the alkyl group becomes larger

Question 19

What is the use of methanol ?

Answer 19

Industrial solvent
Preparation of methyl ethers, methyl esters and other compounds used in plastic, medicine, fuels and solvents

Question 20

Why is methanol most common industrial solvent ?

Answer 20

Cheap
Relatively less toxic
Dissolves a wide variety of polar and non polar substances

Question 21

What is ethanol used for ?

Answer 21

Excellent solvent of low toxicity that is cheap to produce
Good motor fuel
Ingredient in many mouthwashes

Question 22

What are both ethanol and propane-2-ol used for?

Answer 22

Topical antiseptic

Question 23

How is alkoxide ion formed ?

Answer 23

By removing the hydroxyl proton from alcohol by reduction with active metal such as sodium or potassium

Question 24

The reactivity of alcohols towards sodium and potassium decreases in what order ?

Answer 24

Methyl
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Question 25

Sodium reacts quickly with what ?

Answer 25

Primary alcohols and some secondary alcohols

Question 26

What reacts quickly with tertiary alcohols and some secondary?

Answer 26

Potassium, as it is more reactive than sodium

Question 27

What is more acidic phenol or cyclohexanol ?

Answer 27

Phenol

Question 28

Why is phenol acidic ?

Answer 28

Question 29

What was phenol once called “

Answer 29

Carbolic acid because of its stability to neutralize common bases

Question 30

What is phenol used as ?

Answer 30

Antiseptic agent

Question 31

What are grignards reagents ?

Answer 31

Strong nucleophiles and strong bases

Question 32

What is the most useful nucleophilic reaction of Grignard reagents ?

Answer 32

Additions to carbonyl groups

Question 33

Grignards reagents first adds to what ?

Answer 33

Ketones, aldehydes, formaldehyde to form an alkoxide ion

Question 34

How is alkoxide ion turned into alcohol ?

Answer 34

Additional of dilute acid

Question 35

How is primary alcohol formed ?

Answer 35

By addition of Grignard reagent to a formaldehyde, followed by protonation

Question 36

Answer 36

Formation of primary alcohols

Question 37

How are secondary alcohols formed ?

Answer 37

By addition of Grignard reagent to an aldehyde in ether, followed by protonation

Question 38

Answer 38

Formation of secondary alcohols

Question 39

How are tertiary alcohols formed ?

Answer 39

By addition of Grignard reagent to ketones, followed by protonation

Question 40

Answer 40

Formation of tertiary alcohol

Question 41

Oxidation of primary alcohols leads to what ?

Answer 41

Aldehyde and further oxidation leads to acid

Question 42

Secondary alcohols are oxidized to what ?

Answer 42

Ketones

Question 43

Tertiary alcohols are oxidized to what “

Answer 43

They can’t be oxidized

Question 44

Answer 44

Oxidation of primary alcohols

Question 45

What acid is used for oxidation if secondary alcohols ?

Answer 45

Chromic acid reagent

Question 46

Answer 46

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

Question 47

Why are tertiary alcohols resistant to oxidation ?

Answer 47

Tertiary alcohols don’t have hydrogen atoms so a carbon-carbon bond needs to be broken which requires severe conditions

Question 48

Alcohols are reduced to what ?

Answer 48

Alkanes

Question 49

Why is reduction of alcohols rare?

Answer 49

Because it removes a functional group, leaving fewer options for further reactions

Question 50

What are the steps to reduce alcohol ?

Answer 50

By dehydration to an Alkene, then hydrogenating the Alkene

Question 51

Answer 51

Reduction of alcohols

Question 52

What is bimolecular dehydration of alcohols?

Answer 52

Type of condensation that joins two or more molecules often with the loss of a small molecule like water

Question 53

What is bimolecular dehydration of alcohol used for ?

Answer 53

For the industrial synthesis of diethyl ether and dimethyl ether

Question 54

What are the two reactions included in bimolecular dehydration ?

Answer 54

Elimination, substitution

Question 55

How to get a carboxylic ester ?

Answer 55

Replacing the OH group of a carboxylic acid with the OR group of an alcohol

Question 56

Answer 56

Fischer esterification

Question 57

What is the application of ester as drugs ?

Answer 57

Question 58

What is the application of alcohols in metabolism of drugs ?

Answer 58