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H3 > ALEXANDER III 1881-1889 > Flashcards

ALEXANDER III 1881-1889 Flashcards

1
Q

Bunge economic reforms

A

Control expenditure- create financial stability and attract foreign capital

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2
Q

Bunge’s shortcomings (2)

A

Budget deficit

Not sufficient change

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3
Q

Aims of Vyshenegradsky economic policy (5)

A 
Improve Russian finance and gold reserves 
Increase taxation
Increase exports 
Reducing imports by raising tariffs 
Protect home industries
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4
Q

When, and under whom, did the Russian budget go into surplus?

A

1892, and Vyshenegradsky

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5
Q

What was the impact of Vyshenegradski’s export policy?

A

1891 famine

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6
Q

Wittes economic policy aims (4)

A

Protective tariffs
Heavy taxation
Forced exports
Domestic loans

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7
Q

Witte’s successes in the economy (3)

A

Raise interest rates to attract investment
Stabilise the currency
Placed Russia on the Gold Standard in 1897

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8
Q

When, and under whom, did Russia get placed on the Gold Standard ?

A

1897

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9
Q

When was the Russo-Japanese War?

A

1904-1905

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10
Q

Causes of the Russo-Japanese war (4)

A

Russia wanted to expand into the Far East
Wanted to exploit areas in and around Manchuria- natural resources and warm water port
Japan had also targeted these areas
Russia rejected Japan’s proposal that Russia could control Manchuria if they could control Korea

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11
Q

May 1905 Russian fleet defeated at the Battle of _________

A

Battle of Tsushima

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12
Q

Aug 1905 Treaty of ________ ended Russo-Japanese War

A

Treaty of Portsmouth

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13
Q

1883 _____ ____ Railway

A

1883 Batum Baku Railway

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14
Q

The Great Spurt- railway changes

A

1883 Batum Baku Railway

1902 Trans-Siberian Railway

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15
Q

Impact of Batum Baku railway

A

Linked Caspian and Black seas

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16
Q

Impact of Trans-Siberian Railway

A

Helped industry and emigration to Siberia

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17
Q

By the 1890’s __% of railway was state owned

A

60%

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18
Q

By 1905, Russia had __,____ km of railway

A

59,616km

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19
Q

Impact of railway reforms during the spurt (1881-1904) (4)

A

Opened up Russia’s interior and extensive exploitation
Developed iron and coal industries
Transport and price of goods fell
Passenger fares from trains gained revenue

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20
Q

Industrialisation during the Great Spurt (3)

A

1890s industry boom- Witte invested millions into railways and industry
Raises taxes on consumer goods eg vodka
Kept workers’ wages low

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21
Q

By 1900 / of capital invested by foreigners

A

1/3

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22
Q

Impact of industrialisation during the Great Spurt (3)

A 
Growth in industry increased population and raised Russia's status 
Growing internal market
Proletariat class doubled
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23
Q

Changes in agriculture during the Great Spurt

A

Peasants could now buy and sell land
Potatoes grown more widely
Rapid increase in grain production

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24
Q

Failures in agricultural changes during the Great Spurt (2)

A

Throughout AIII’s reign, food production was lower than what was needed
1891 famine

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25
Q

Impact of agricultural changes during the Great Spurt (3)

A

Grain per head increased
Production grew rapidly
Farms able to sell more goods

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26
Q

Three forms of opposition in Russia

A

The Social Democrats (Marxists)
The Populists (Narodniks)
The Liberals

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27
Q

Aims of the Social Democrats (2)

A

Improve workers conditions/rights

Focus on revolutionary tactics

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28
Q

The Bolsheviks (formed 1903) (3)

A

Led by Lenin
Believed in professional revolutionaries
Operate under centralised leadership

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29
Q

The Mensheviks (4)

A

Led by Martov
Believed in mass support for revolution
Wanted members to have a democratic say
More broad

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30
Q

Aims of the Populists (2)

A

Power to the people

Went tot villages

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31
Q

Populist groups (4)

A

Land and Liberty
Black Partition
The Peoples’ Will
Social Revolutionaries

32
Q

Land and Liberty

A

Split 1878 into Black Partition and the People’s Will

33
Q

Black Partition

A

Peaceful methods

34
Q

The People’s Will

A

Violent methods

Assassination of Alexander II Mar 1881

35
Q

Social Revolutionaries

A

Hope put in peasants

36
Q

Methods of Social Revolutionaries (2)

A

Agitation and terrorism

Assassination of government officials

37
Q

Left SR’s

A

Tried to stir up discontent and disrupt government officials by assassinations

38
Q

Right SR’s

A

More moderate

Prepared to co-operate for immediate improvement

39
Q

What year did AIII become Tsar?

A

1881

40
Q

How did Alexander III describe the proposals in the Loris-Melikov constitution?

A

Senseless dreams

41
Q

Secret police in AIII’s reign

A

Okhrana

42
Q

In what year were Land Captains introduced?

A

1889

43
Q

How were Land Captains chosen?

A

From a list chosen by the provincial nobility and approved by the provincial governor

44
Q

1800 Zemstvo Act

A

Brought zemstva under central control

45
Q

Which finance minister created land banks?

A

Bunge

46
Q

Who replaced Bunge as finance minister?

A

Vyshnegradsky

47
Q

How much did grain exports increase between 1881 and 1889?

A

18%

48
Q

Example of a loan Vyshnegradksy secured to help investment

A

France, 1888

49
Q

When was the famine under Vyshnegradsky?

A

1891-92

50
Q

When did Witte become finance minister?

A

1892

51
Q

Witte economic policies (4)

A

Protective tariffs
Heavy taxation
Forced exports
Domestic loans

52
Q

Which group did the May Laws 1882 target?

A

Jews

53
Q

What was the name for the systematic attacks on Jews?

A

Pogroms

54
Q

Ways in which AIII discriminated against Jews (3)

A

Ghettos
Access to education limited
Excluded from local government

55
Q

Who was AIII’s tutor?

A

Pobodonovstev

56
Q

Places AIII subjected to Russification (3)

A

Poland
Ukraine
Baltic Provinces

57
Q

When did AIII die?

A

1 Nov 1894

58
Q

Education reform reversed fro AII

A

Banned lower class children from going to school

59
Q

Alexander III 1881 manifesto quotation

A

‘eradication of vile sedition’

60
Q

Ideology of Pobodonostev

A

Laziness are characteristics of Slavonic nature
Only a small minority possess the intelligence to think of solutions
Rest of humanity were ‘forces of the unconscious, land and history’

61
Q

Role of the Imperial Chancellery under AlII

A

Importance of the Third Section grew

62
Q

When did AIII introduce Land Captains?

A

1889

63
Q

Power of Land Captains (2)

A

Drawn from the nobility

Had the power to override the zemstva

64
Q

What did AIII do right after coming to power?

A

Publicly hanged 150 members of The People’s Will

65
Q

How many members of TPW did AIII hang?

A

150

66
Q

Example of Russification under AlII

A

Enforced Russian language
Enforced Orthodoxy- around 37,000 Lutherans converted
Closed down Catholic monasteries
Denied public office if could not speak Russian

67
Q

Repression of religion under AIII

A

Closed down Catholic monasteries

68
Q

Jewish pogroms

A

Jews raped and murdered

69
Q

When were the May Laws?

A

1882

70
Q

1882 May Laws

A

Restricted where Jews could live

71
Q

Railways under Alexander III

A

Batum Baku Railway 1883

1891 Trans-Siberian Railway begun

72
Q

Impact of the Batum Baku Railway

A

Helped oil production

73
Q

Impact of the 1891 Trans-Siberian Railway

A

Opened up Russia’s interior- 1 million emigrated to Siberia

74
Q

Limitations of the factory inspectorate

A

Had limited powers of enforcement

75
Q

What was banned in 1882 (working conditions)?

A

Child employment

76
Q

Coal production during the Great Spurt

A

Increased seven fold

77
Q

Limitations of Witte’s reforms

A

Neglected the consumer industry

H3 (7 decks)

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