ALEXANDER III 1881-1889

Question 1

Bunge economic reforms

Answer 1

Control expenditure- create financial stability and attract foreign capital

Question 2

Bunge’s shortcomings (2)

Answer 2

Budget deficit

Not sufficient change

Question 3

Aims of Vyshenegradsky economic policy (5)

Answer 3

Improve Russian finance and gold reserves 
Increase taxation
Increase exports 
Reducing imports by raising tariffs 
Protect home industries

Question 4

When, and under whom, did the Russian budget go into surplus?

Answer 4

1892, and Vyshenegradsky

Question 5

What was the impact of Vyshenegradski’s export policy?

Answer 5

1891 famine

Question 6

Wittes economic policy aims (4)

Answer 6

Protective tariffs
Heavy taxation
Forced exports
Domestic loans

Question 7

Witte’s successes in the economy (3)

Answer 7

Raise interest rates to attract investment
Stabilise the currency
Placed Russia on the Gold Standard in 1897

Question 8

When, and under whom, did Russia get placed on the Gold Standard ?

Answer 8

1897

Question 9

When was the Russo-Japanese War?

Answer 9

1904-1905

Question 10

Causes of the Russo-Japanese war (4)

Answer 10

Russia wanted to expand into the Far East
Wanted to exploit areas in and around Manchuria- natural resources and warm water port
Japan had also targeted these areas
Russia rejected Japan’s proposal that Russia could control Manchuria if they could control Korea

Question 11

May 1905 Russian fleet defeated at the Battle of _________

Answer 11

Battle of Tsushima

Question 12

Aug 1905 Treaty of ________ ended Russo-Japanese War

Answer 12

Treaty of Portsmouth

Question 13

1883 _____ ____ Railway

Answer 13

1883 Batum Baku Railway

Question 14

The Great Spurt- railway changes

Answer 14

1883 Batum Baku Railway

1902 Trans-Siberian Railway

Question 15

Impact of Batum Baku railway

Answer 15

Linked Caspian and Black seas

Question 16

Impact of Trans-Siberian Railway

Answer 16

Helped industry and emigration to Siberia

Question 17

By the 1890’s __% of railway was state owned

Answer 17

60%

Question 18

By 1905, Russia had __,____ km of railway

Answer 18

59,616km

Question 19

Impact of railway reforms during the spurt (1881-1904) (4)

Answer 19

Opened up Russia’s interior and extensive exploitation
Developed iron and coal industries
Transport and price of goods fell
Passenger fares from trains gained revenue

Question 20

Industrialisation during the Great Spurt (3)

Answer 20

1890s industry boom- Witte invested millions into railways and industry
Raises taxes on consumer goods eg vodka
Kept workers’ wages low

Question 21

By 1900 / of capital invested by foreigners

Answer 21

1/3

Question 22

Impact of industrialisation during the Great Spurt (3)

Answer 22

Growth in industry increased population and raised Russia's status 
Growing internal market
Proletariat class doubled

Question 23

Changes in agriculture during the Great Spurt

Answer 23

Peasants could now buy and sell land
Potatoes grown more widely
Rapid increase in grain production

Question 24

Failures in agricultural changes during the Great Spurt (2)

Answer 24

Throughout AIII’s reign, food production was lower than what was needed
1891 famine

Question 25

Impact of agricultural changes during the Great Spurt (3)

Answer 25

Grain per head increased Production grew rapidly Farms able to sell more goods

Question 26

Three forms of opposition in Russia

Answer 26

The Social Democrats (Marxists) The Populists (Narodniks) The Liberals

Question 27

Aims of the Social Democrats (2)

Answer 27

Improve workers conditions/rights | Focus on revolutionary tactics

Question 28

The Bolsheviks (formed 1903) (3)

Answer 28

Led by Lenin Believed in professional revolutionaries Operate under centralised leadership

Question 29

The Mensheviks (4)

Answer 29

Led by Martov Believed in mass support for revolution Wanted members to have a democratic say More broad

Question 30

Aims of the Populists (2)

Answer 30

Power to the people | Went tot villages

Question 31

Populist groups (4)

Answer 31

Land and Liberty Black Partition The Peoples' Will Social Revolutionaries

Question 32

Land and Liberty

Answer 32

Split 1878 into Black Partition and the People's Will

Question 33

Black Partition

Answer 33

Peaceful methods

Question 34

The People's Will

Answer 34

Violent methods | Assassination of Alexander II Mar 1881

Question 35

Social Revolutionaries

Answer 35

Hope put in peasants

Question 36

Methods of Social Revolutionaries (2)

Answer 36

Agitation and terrorism | Assassination of government officials

Question 37

Left SR's

Answer 37

Tried to stir up discontent and disrupt government officials by assassinations

Question 38

Right SR's

Answer 38

More moderate | Prepared to co-operate for immediate improvement

Question 39

What year did AIII become Tsar?

Answer 39

1881

Question 40

How did Alexander III describe the proposals in the Loris-Melikov constitution?

Answer 40

Senseless dreams

Question 41

Secret police in AIII's reign

Answer 41

Okhrana

Question 42

In what year were Land Captains introduced?

Answer 42

1889

Question 43

How were Land Captains chosen?

Answer 43

From a list chosen by the provincial nobility and approved by the provincial governor

Question 44

1800 Zemstvo Act

Answer 44

Brought zemstva under central control

Question 45

Which finance minister created land banks?

Answer 45

Bunge

Question 46

Who replaced Bunge as finance minister?

Answer 46

Vyshnegradsky

Question 47

How much did grain exports increase between 1881 and 1889?

Answer 47

18%

Question 48

Example of a loan Vyshnegradksy secured to help investment

Answer 48

France, 1888

Question 49

When was the famine under Vyshnegradsky?

Answer 49

1891-92

Question 50

When did Witte become finance minister?

Answer 50

1892

Question 51

Witte economic policies (4)

Answer 51

Protective tariffs Heavy taxation Forced exports Domestic loans

Question 52

Which group did the May Laws 1882 target?

Answer 52

Jews

Question 53

What was the name for the systematic attacks on Jews?

Answer 53

Pogroms

Question 54

Ways in which AIII discriminated against Jews (3)

Answer 54

Ghettos Access to education limited Excluded from local government

Question 55

Who was AIII's tutor?

Answer 55

Pobodonovstev

Question 56

Places AIII subjected to Russification (3)

Answer 56

Poland Ukraine Baltic Provinces

Question 57

When did AIII die?

Answer 57

1 Nov 1894

Question 58

Education reform reversed fro AII

Answer 58

Banned lower class children from going to school

Question 59

Alexander III 1881 manifesto quotation

Answer 59

'eradication of vile sedition'

Question 60

Ideology of Pobodonostev

Answer 60

Laziness are characteristics of Slavonic nature Only a small minority possess the intelligence to think of solutions Rest of humanity were 'forces of the unconscious, land and history'

Question 61

Role of the Imperial Chancellery under AlII

Answer 61

Importance of the Third Section grew

Question 62

When did AIII introduce Land Captains?

Answer 62

1889

Question 63

Power of Land Captains (2)

Answer 63

Drawn from the nobility | Had the power to override the zemstva

Question 64

What did AIII do right after coming to power?

Answer 64

Publicly hanged 150 members of The People's Will

Question 65

How many members of TPW did AIII hang?

Answer 65

150

Question 66

Example of Russification under AlII

Answer 66

Enforced Russian language Enforced Orthodoxy- around 37,000 Lutherans converted Closed down Catholic monasteries Denied public office if could not speak Russian

Question 67

Repression of religion under AIII

Answer 67

Closed down Catholic monasteries

Question 68

Jewish pogroms

Answer 68

Jews raped and murdered

Question 69

When were the May Laws?

Answer 69

1882

Question 70

1882 May Laws

Answer 70

Restricted where Jews could live

Question 71

Railways under Alexander III

Answer 71

Batum Baku Railway 1883 | 1891 Trans-Siberian Railway begun

Question 72

Impact of the Batum Baku Railway

Answer 72

Helped oil production

Question 73

Impact of the 1891 Trans-Siberian Railway

Answer 73

Opened up Russia's interior- 1 million emigrated to Siberia

Question 74

Limitations of the factory inspectorate

Answer 74

Had limited powers of enforcement

Question 75

What was banned in 1882 (working conditions)?

Answer 75

Child employment

Question 76

Coal production during the Great Spurt

Answer 76

Increased seven fold

Question 77

Limitations of Witte's reforms

Answer 77

Neglected the consumer industry