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H3 > ALEXANDER II 1855-1881 > Flashcards

ALEXANDER II 1855-1881 Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Russia backwards politically?

A
  1. Autocracy
  2. No opposition
  3. Nobles in control
  4. Secret police
  5. Conscripted army
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2
Q

Why was Russia backwards economically?

A
  1. Harsh winters affected farming
  2. Backwards farming methods
  3. Undeveloped banking- industry
  4. No consumer demand
  5. Poor communications
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3
Q

Why was Russia backwards socially?

A
  1. 50 million serfs- 82%
  2. 800,000 industrial workers
  3. No demand to develop
  4. Social hierarchy
  5. Mostly Russian orthodox
  6. 3500 people in uni
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4
Q

When did Alexander II become Tsar?

A

1855

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5
Q

When was the Crimean War?

A

1853-1856

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6
Q

What areas was Russia fighting over in the Crimean War?

A

The Balkans and the Black Sea

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7
Q

When was the Battle of Sinope?

A

1853

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8
Q

Which battle in the Crimean War did the Russians initially win?

A

The Battle of Sinope

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9
Q

When did Britain and France declare war on Russia?

A

March 1854

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10
Q

When was the Battle of Sevastopol ?

A

Sep 1854

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11
Q

Which battle did the Russians suffer defeats?

A

The Battle of Sevastopol 1854

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12
Q

When did the Russian fortress fall at Sevastopol ?

A

1856

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13
Q

What was the impact of the Crimean War?

A
  1. Revealed disunity of Europe
  2. 1856 Peace of Paris took some of Russia’s naval bases in the Black Sea
  3. Highlighted backwardness of her agrarian society
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14
Q

What was a state serf?

A

Lived on the Tsar’s lands- generally had more freedom

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15
Q

Reasons for freeing the serfs

A
  1. War highlighted Russia’s military inadequacy
  2. Need for modernised infrastructure
  3. Provoked peasant uprisings
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16
Q

Influence of Alexander II’s personal views on Emancipation Act

A

Found cruelties of serfdom offensive

Liberally educated

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17
Q

Economic considerations of freeing the serfs

A
  1. Russia needed to keep up with the West

2. Serfdom was a handicap to Russian industrialisation

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18
Q

Political considerations of freeing the serfs

A
  1. Didn’t want autocracy threatened

2. Did not benefit nobility as it held them back eg business ventures

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19
Q

Moral and intellectual influences of freeing the serfs

A

Growing group of educated people

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20
Q

When was the Emancipation Act?

A

3rd March 1861

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21
Q

What ideology did Tsars believe in?

A

Autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality

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22
Q

Which war prompted Alexander to free the serfs?

A

Crimean

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23
Q

What was the date of the Emancipation Act?

A

3 Mar 1861

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24
Q

How long did the serfs have to pay redemption payments?

A

49 years

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25
Q

What was the name of the village commune that took some control from landowners after the Emancipation Act?

A

The Mir

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26
Q

Which case (1878) led Alexander to stop open courts?

A

Vera Zasulich

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27
Q

What kind of courts were peasant courts?

A

Volost

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28
Q

How many miles of railway did Russia have by 1881?

A

14,009

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29
Q

How much was conscription reduced to ?

A

25 years to 6

30
Q

What year was a state bank set up?

A

1860

31
Q

What year was the Municipal bank set up?

A

1862

32
Q

By how much did the number of schools increase to?

A

8000 in 1856 to 25,000 in 1878

33
Q

When were zemstva introduced?

A

1864

34
Q

When were dumas introduced?

A

1870

35
Q

Why did the Tsar intensify the backlash against reform after 1866?

A

Assassination attempt by Karakosov

36
Q

Who was appointed head of the Third Section in 1866?

A

Count Peter Shuvalov

37
Q

Who was appointed Minister of Education in 1866?

A

Count Dmitri Tolstoy

38
Q

3 stages of Emancipation

A
  1. Transition period (2-9)
  2. Redemption payment (49)
  3. Freedom
39
Q

Nobility response to the Emancipation Act

A
  • Redemption money swallowed by existing debt

- 1861-1905 land in noblemen’s possession fell by 41%

40
Q

Peasant response to the Emancipation Act

A
  • 647 peasant riots in the 4 months following publication
  • Now had less land than before
  • Legislation written from a theoretical point of view
  • Worse off- redemption payments
41
Q

Judicial reforms under Alexander II 1861-1881

A

Paid judges better so less corruption
Open courts
Introduction of juries

42
Q

Military reforms 1861-1881

A

More humane training of soldiers

Reduced length of sentence from 6y +9 (used to be 25)

43
Q

Economic reforms 1861-1881

A

Foreign investment increase
Industrial workforce went from 860,000 to 1.32 million by 1887
Railway networks grew from 2,200 to 14,200

44
Q

Local government reforms 1861-1881

A

1864 zemstra introduced

1870 dumas set up

45
Q

Political impact of the Russo-Turkish War

A

Russia gained land in Bessarabia

46
Q

Social impact of the Russo-Turkish War

A

Increase in opposition- minorities unhappy

47
Q

Political impact of the Crimean war (2)

A

Lost lands in Maldovia

Reforms in local government- emancipation

48
Q

Economic impact of the Crimean War

A

Highlighted economic and industrial backwardness- got foreign loans to build 20,000 km of track

49
Q

Education reforms

A

Introduced a ‘new code’- secondary school students doubled

50
Q

Peasant living standards under the Tsars

A

Bad- Izba (wooden hut)

51
Q

AII use of secret police

A

Initially used the Third Section to exile opponents

Replaced with Okrahna in 1880- targeted specific groups

52
Q

Role of Okrahna under AII

A

Targeted specific individuals

53
Q

How effective was the Okrahna under AII?

A

Not that effective- multiple assassination attempts

54
Q

Zemstva

A

Local councils set up by AII in 1864

55
Q

Zemstvo

A

Local council

56
Q

Zemgor

A

Union of Zemstva

Gave medical supplies to the army during WW1

57
Q

Imperial Chancellery

A
  1. Personal Secretariat
  2. Legal advisers
  3. Third Section
58
Q

The Senate

A

Supreme court in Tsarist Russia

59
Q

Committee of Ministers

A

Ministers who advised the Tsar

60
Q

Land Captains

A

Set up to keep law and order in the countryside

61
Q

The Third Element

A

Teachers, lawyers and doctors who dominated the zemstva

62
Q

Trial by jury removed for political crimes in….

A

1869

63
Q

When were universities banned from teaching subjects that required critical thinking?

A

1817

64
Q

University reform

A

1863 became self governing

65
Q

Peasant riots post emancipation

A

647

66
Q

Three sections of the Imperial Chancellery

A

Legal advisers
Secretariat
The Third Section

67
Q

Number of children in secondary schools under AII

A

Doubled 1855-65

68
Q

What percentage of Russia were serfs 1885?

A

82%

69
Q

Reutern reforms- railways

A

Increased sevenfold

70
Q

Industrial output

A

Doubled

71
Q

1855 __% of people living in rural areas

A

90%

72
Q

Light industry under Alexander II

A

Ludwig Loop from Manchester helped develop the textile industry

H3 (7 decks)

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