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OCR History: Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 > Alexander III > Flashcards

Alexander III Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Alexander III reign?

A

1881-1894

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2
Q

What were the first actions AIII took when he came into power?

A

Executed the leaders of the People’s Will for assassinating his father

Refused to implement the Loris-Melikov Constitution

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3
Q

What was the Loris-Melikov Constitution going to allow?

Who supported this?

A

Communities to discuss legislation and administration

Supported by the Liberals

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4
Q

Who acted as a large influence on AIII?

A

Pobedonostev - his tutor and a minister of the Orthodox church

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5
Q

What was AIII known as? Why?

A

The Black Tsar

B/c of his repressive and restrictive policies

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6
Q

When was the Russo-Turkish War?

A

1877-78

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7
Q

What was the name of the secret police under AIII?

A

Okhrana

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8
Q

What was the role of the Okhrana?

A
  • Ensure Security

- Take on investigations

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9
Q

When did the Okhrana receive more powers? What were they?

A

1882

Could search, detain and exile anyone who raised their suspicions

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10
Q

What was the name of the Police in AIII’s reign?

A

Gendarmerie

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11
Q

What was the role of the Gendarmerie?

A

Track fugitives
Control riots
Recruit spies/informants
Investigate political cases

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of Repression under AIII

A

Secret Police

Russification

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13
Q

When was the Famine under AIII?

A

1891-92

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14
Q

How was the Famine caused?

A

B/c of Vyshnegradsky’s policy of ‘We shall not eat, We shall Export’

Bad Harvest - had lots of ruined crops b/c of an early winter and a dry summer

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15
Q

By how much did grain exports increase between 1888-92?

A

18%

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16
Q

What was Vyshnegradsky’s role?

A

Finance Minister (1888-92)

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17
Q

How was the Famine dealt with?

A

Zemstvos had to feed villages but there was a large failure to organise adequate relief

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18
Q

What did Vyshnegradski introduce in 1891?

A

The Tariff Act

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19
Q

Who was Finance Minister after Vyshnegradski?

A

Witte

1892-1903

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20
Q

What did the economy experience in AIII reign?

A

The Great Spurt

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21
Q

When was the budget brought to surplus?

A

1892

22
Q

What did Witte introduce to help Russia recover from the Famine?

A
  • Protected Tariffs
  • Heavy Tax
  • Domestic Loans
  • High-interest rates`
23
Q

When was the Gold Standard introduced?

A

1897

24
Q

What were the benefits of introducing the Gold Standard?

A

It helped stabilise the currency

25
Q

When were Peasant Land Banks introduced?

A

1883

26
Q

How much of the railway in Russia was state-owned by 1890?

A

60%

27
Q

When was Russification enforced?

A

1890s

28
Q

Who did Russification target?

A

Poles
Finns
Ukrainians
and other Non-Russians who were apart of Russia

29
Q

What did Russification do?

A

Enforced Russian ideology on other countries that were a part of the Empire and limited their freedoms
e.g. learning Russian in schools, attempts to erase national identities

30
Q

What are the ‘Black Hundreds’?

A

A nationalist group notorious for attacking Jewish people

31
Q

When were Jewish people targetted by nobles?

A

1882

32
Q

Finish the sentence:

AIII’s reign saw an increase in the use of…

A

pogroms due to AIII Anti-Semitic views

33
Q

How many railways were constructed between 1882-85?

A

632km

34
Q

How did an increase in railway benefit Russia?

A

Opened them to access to raw materials
Established Communication Links
Increase the possibility of transport
Showed that Russia was modernising

35
Q

What did Russia rely on financially?

A

Foreign Loans e.g. France

36
Q

What railway was completed by 1888?

A

The Baku Oil-fields Railway

37
Q

How many people died b/c of the 1891-92 Famine?

A

350,000

38
Q

When were the peasants banned from leaving the mir?

A

1893

39
Q

When were peasant rebellions in AIII’s reign? Who helped them?

A

1890’s

Helped by Land Captains

40
Q

What reform did AIII enforce regarding the working of children?

A

In 1882 he banned children under age 12 from being employed

41
Q

When did AIII ban women and children from working at night?

A

1885

42
Q

How was Pobedonostev able repress?

A

Was Procurator of the Holy Synod which allowed him to tighten controls

43
Q

When was the Zemstvo Act? What did it do?

A

1890

Brough the Zemstva under direct central control

44
Q

What was the role of Land Captains?

A

They could overturn court and zemstva decisions

45
Q

When were Land Captains introduced?

A

1889

46
Q

What part of AIII’s Government saw an increase in usage?

A

The Imperial Chancellory, specifically the 3rd Section (Secret Police)

47
Q

What treaty was a result of the Russo-Turkish War?

A

Treaty of San Stefano (1879)

48
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano?

A

Russia got land in Bessarabia
Turkey paid war indemnity to Russia
Bulgaria Expanded

49
Q

When did the Ottomans call for an armistice? How did Russia react?

A

Called for an armistice on Jan 24th 1878

Russia initially ignored it , they then accepted it on Jan 31st 1878 but they kept fighting

50
Q

When was the Conquest of Berlin?

A

1878

51
Q

What happened in the conquest of Berlin?

A

Russia retained rights over Bessarabia

Austria-Hungary and Britain gained territorial rights

52
Q

What was the impact of the Russo-Turkish War?

A
  • Russia suffered a large failure
  • Nationalities were not satisfied
  • AIII did not deal well with the unrest it caused

OCR History: Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (9 decks)

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