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OCR History: Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 > Alexander II > Flashcards

Alexander II Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Crimean War?

A

1853-1856

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2
Q

What were the 4 causes of the Crimean War?

A
  • Wanted to expand
  • Wanted a warm water port
  • Ottoman Empire was decaying
  • To protect the Orthodox East
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3
Q

When and Why did England and France join the Ottomans against Russia?

A

March 1854

Thought Russia would threaten their navy

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4
Q

When did the Ottomans declare War? Why?

A

1853

Refused the right for Russia to protect the Orthodox East

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5
Q

What battle in the Crimean War did Russia win?

A

Battle of Sinope

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6
Q

When was the Battle of Sevastopol? Did Russia win?

A

September 1854

Russia lost

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7
Q

How did the Crimean War end?

A

Russia’s fortress at Sevastopol fell

Austria threatened to join - AII sued for peace

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8
Q

What was the impact of the Crimean War?

4

A
  • Showed Europe to be disunited
  • Russia lost its naval bases at the black sea (Peace of Paris, 1856)
  • Showed Russia to be backwards - too reliant on agriculture
  • Serfdom had to end
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9
Q

What was the role of the Mir?

A

To decide how land was distributed

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10
Q

When was the Emancipation Act?

A

March 3rd 1861

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11
Q

What were the motives behind the Emancipation Act?

4

A

1) Crimean War - reform needed, uprisings
2) Personal - AII publically condemned serfdom
3) Economy - industrialisation and modernisation needed
4) Political - save autocracy by giving social freedom
5) Intelect - increase in education cause the structure of Russia to be questioned

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of Emancipation?

A

1) Transition
2) Redemption Payments (49 yrs)
3) Freedom

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13
Q

How did Emancipation benefit the Nobility?

A
  • Redemption payments helped pay off their debt

- Made them keener for reforms

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14
Q

How did Emancipation NOT benefit the Nobility?

A
  • majority of redemption payments went towards creditors
  • by 1905 they owned 40% less land, unprofitable land was sold to peasants
  • their land had to be sold to make ends meet
  • removed their military power
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15
Q

In 1871, how much of the redemption payments went to creditors?

A

248 million Roubles went to creditors

542 million Roubles were paid in redemption payments

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16
Q

What benefits did Emancipation bring to the serfs?

A

They now had a legal status - Peasants

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17
Q

Why did Emancipation cause resentment and anger in the peasants?

A
  • Many were illiterate so they had high expectations that weren’t met
  • Ultimately they were worse off
  • They were now controlled by the Mir
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18
Q

Which peasant misinterpreted the Emancipation Act? What did he interpret it as?

A

Anton Petrov

Thought the serfs would have immediate freedom

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19
Q

When were zemstva introduced? What was their role?

A

1864

Represented the peasants, gentry and townspeople in terms of healthcare, roads, agriculture

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20
Q

Who had the right to vote?

A

People that paid trade tax or were on the property register

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21
Q

Who ran the police? Were they benefitable?

A

The Minister of Interior

No, they lacked funding

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22
Q

When were dumas introduced?

A

1870, they were councils

23
Q

What interfered in the judicial system?

A

Bureaucracy - increased difficulty

24
Q

What courts did AII introduce?

A

Open Courts

Peasant Courts

25
Q

What was introduced in crime cases?

A

Juries

26
Q

What was there a shortage of in the Judicial system?

A

Lawyers

27
Q

What was conscription reduced to?

A

6years, 9 years in reserve

28
Q

What was abolished in the military?

A

military colonies

29
Q

How much did reserves increase in the military?

A

from 210,000 to 553,000

30
Q

How was military training changed?

A

It became more humane and less brutal

31
Q

In 1887, what did the industrial work force increase to?

A

1.32 million

32
Q

Who created the Unified Treasury?

A

Reutern - Minister of Finance

33
Q

When was the Public budget introduced?

A

1862

34
Q

By 1870, how many miles was the railway system?

A

14,200 miles

previously it was 2,200

35
Q

What kind of investement began?

A

Foreign Investment

36
Q

How was censorship reduced in AII reign?

A

in 1865 Editors didn’t need approval before printing

37
Q

What happened to the University curriculum?

A

it broadened - now taught law and philosophy

38
Q

When were certain topics in schools banned?

A

1873

39
Q

By 1859, how many Moscow Studies were exempt from fees?

A

2/3

40
Q

When did AII begin tightening controls? Why?

A

1866 - faced severe backlash, opposition wanted more reform

41
Q

When did Karakozov attempt to assassinate Alexander?

A

April 4th 1866 - was caught and hung in September the same year

42
Q

Who attempted to assassinate Alexander in June 1867?

A

Berezowski

43
Q

When did Alexander come face to face with a assassin?

A

April 20th 1879

44
Q

When did the Peoples Will plan to blow up Alexanders train?

A

December 1879 - his route changed because of the weather

45
Q

When was Alexander finally assassinated?

A

March 13th 1881

46
Q

How was Alexander killed?

A

Peoples Will threw a bomb into his carriage, he managed to escape but then a bomb was thrown at his feet.
He died of blood loss in the Winter Palace

47
Q

When was the Polish Revolt?

A

1863

48
Q

Why did Poland revolt?

A

Wanted autonomy and emancipation

Wielopolski wanted more change, already introduced reforms based of Russian interest

49
Q

What were the dates of the Polish Revolt?

A

Jan 1863 - Spring 1864 (Russia Regained control)

50
Q

Who supported the Polish?

A

Land and Liberty

51
Q

What did the revolt threaten the governement with?

A

guerrilla warfare

52
Q

What was an outcome of the Polish Revolt?

A

the Milyutin Plan

53
Q

What was the Milyutin Plan?

A

Russification of Poland:

  • Russian was to be the official language of administration and governance
  • Catholic Church couldn’t contact the Vatican
  • Poland was converted to a bigger national state of Russia

OCR History: Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (9 decks)

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