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OCR History: Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 > Khrushchev > Flashcards

Khrushchev Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Collective Leadership?

A

Sharing of Power

Ideal of Communism

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2
Q

What did Khrushchev do to eliminate Beria?

A

Used the army to arrest and shoot Beria

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3
Q

When did Khrushchev eliminate Beria?

A

June 1953

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4
Q

What did Malenkov want to improve?

A

Living Standards

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5
Q

How did Khrushchev get rid of Malenkov?

A

got him to publically admit that he was to blame for the grain shortages

caused him to resign - 1955

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6
Q

When did Khrushchev launch an attack on Stalins’ character?

A

1956

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7
Q

What did Khrushchev accuse Molotov, Kaganorich and Malenkov of in 1956?

A

Forming an ‘Anti-Party Group’ (Factionalism)

They were censured and they had to resign

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8
Q

What did Khrushchev have Bulganin confess?

A

That he was part of the Anti-Party

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9
Q

When did Bulganin resign as Premier?

A

March 1958

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10
Q

Who replaced Bulganin as Premier?

A

Khrushchev

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11
Q

When did Khrushchev join the Politburo?

A

1939

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12
Q

When did Khrushchev become the Head of the CPSU in Moscow?

A

1949

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13
Q

Define Destalinisation

A

Getting rid of Stalins influence in Soviet Russia

A Thaw - less harshness and more freedom

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14
Q

When and where did Khrushchev make his secret speech?

A

1956

20th Party Congress

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15
Q

What were the motives for Destalinisation?

A

1) Blacken Stalin’s name w/o damaging the communist party
2) Have more progressive economic measures
3) To co-exist with the West
4) To absolve himself and other Soviet leaders from blame

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16
Q

Who did Stalin commit crimes against according to Khrushchev?

A

Against the party not the Soviet people

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17
Q

What was the impact of Destalinisation on Labour Camps?

A

Large numbers of political prisoners released

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18
Q

What was Stalingrad renamed to?

A

Volgograd

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19
Q

What happened to Stalin’s mausoleum?

A

His body was dug up and was re-buried in a concrete pit

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20
Q

What happened to the Party History because of Destalinisation?

A

It was rewritten to criticise the 1930s - eg the purges

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21
Q

What did the relaxation of censorship do?

A

enabled criticisms f the Soviet past & novels were released criticising Stalin

BUT had its limits - attacks on modern works

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22
Q

What happened to the Orthodox Church under K?

A

Demolished

only 7500 places of worship were left

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23
Q

What were the years of the power struggle? Why?

A

1953-1956

Stalin didn’t leave a clear succession

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24
Q

What did Khrushchev aim to achieve in his economic policy?

5

A

1) Beat America in Space Race - Communism better than Capitalism
2) Expand the chemical industry
3) Focus on consumer goods & raising living standards
4) Improve agriculture
5) Improve grain stocks

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25
Q

Define Command Economy

A

State control, centralised economy

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26
Q

What was the role of Veshenka?

A

To complete economic planning

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27
Q

What was the role of the Gosplan?

A

to set economic targets

28
Q

What’s a biological yield?

A

the output of crops

29
Q

What did Khrushchev focus on in terms of economy?

A

Improving Agriculture

30
Q

What were 3 failures in agriculture?

A

1) Results were unpredictable so Khrushchev had to import grain from the West
2) Central Gov was unable to plan agriculture in the long term or to give farmers economic independence
3) State altered prices randomly so prices offered to farmers were often less than the cost of production

31
Q

What were 3 successes in agriculture?

A

1) Khrushchev undertook the first honest analysis of agriculture since the 1920s
2) Large increases in the production of fertiliser and farm machinery
3) ‘Virgin Lands’ Campaign in Western Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan - 1956, 35.9 mill hectares cultivated

32
Q

Was Agriculture largely a success or failure?

A

Failure - farmers dissatisfied and policies were inadequate

33
Q

What were 3 failures in Industry?

A

1) Targets set centrally - little sensitivity for nations/industries needs
2) Regional Economic Councils set up - added to bureaucracy
3) Many new apartments lacked running water and lifts

34
Q

What were 3 successes in Industry?

A

1) Urban Russians less dependent on bread and potatoes
2) Standard of Living improved - minimum wage began in 1956
3) USSR led in terms of space exploration - landed a red flag on the moon in 1959, and in 1961 Gagarin was the first man in space

35
Q

What is meant by a Policy of Co-Existence?

A

Existing alongside another country when you have opposing ideologies

36
Q

How had the Revolutionaries of 1917 viewed Foreign Policy?

A

As an international class war to spread revolution

37
Q

What step did K take at the 20th Party Congress?

A

K said that party conflict was not inevitable and the co-existence was possible, unlike what Lenin suggested

38
Q

What events created an opportunity for better relations with the West?

A

The end of the Korean War

USSR signing a peace treaty with Austria

39
Q

Where did K travel to with Bulganin?

A

To countries outside the Soviet Bloc

40
Q

What success did K highlight when visiting other countries?

A

The Space Race

41
Q

What did K suggest would be consequences of nuclear weapons?

A

Suggested they would make outright war unlikely, conflicts would have to be settled through other methods

42
Q

What did K’s meetings with Eisenhower achieve in 1959? Why was this seen as a fragile agreement?

A

Achieved a better understanding between the 2 countries

It was during the Cold War

43
Q

Although co-existence was a good policy, why were there drawbacks?

A

It wouldn’t work in practise as many still wanted to spread Communism and compete with the West

Cold War strained relations

44
Q

What problems arose in the mid 1950s between Germany and Russia?

A

There were economic and political divisions between East and West Germany and Berlin

45
Q

How did Marshall Aid affect the relations?

A

Marshall Aid helped West Germany and Berlin and recover, but because it wasn’t offered to the East they didn’t recover

45
Q

What did 2 million refugees do after 1949?

A

Migrated to the West

45
Q

What did K do to try and improve the situation between West and East Germany?

A

Tried to get the Western Powers to recognise East Germany as a separate state

This request was sent in an official note, along with a threat

45
Q

How did the USA respond to K’s official note?

A

They refused to agree to K’s demands regarding East Germany

45
Q

What effect did K’s ultimatum regarding East Germany have?

A

Led to a crisis in foreign relations

45
Q

How did K describe the German Problem at the point when he modified his demands?

A

‘a fishbone in the gullet’

46
Q

What did K do in 1961, regarding the German Problem?

A

He repeated his warning to the West that they must leave Berlin in 6 months

47
Q

What did the East German leader order to be done to prevent the flight of refugees?

A

Ordered the construction of the Berlin Wall

48
Q

What effect did the Berlin Wall have?

A

Created greater national understanding

Clarified the diplomatic differences

49
Q

What did K do in 1963, regarding the German Problem?

A

Contacted the West German Government to solve the Berlin issue

50
Q

What shaped K’s policies towards Germany?

A

By the pressure put on him - reactive policies

51
Q

How successful was K in his relations with Germany?

A

Massive Failure - Berlin Wall, failure to resolve conflict

52
Q

What did Fidel Castro declare?

A

That he was a Communist

53
Q

What actions did K take in response to Castro’s declaration? Why did he do this?

A

Offered economic assistance by offering to buy Cuba’s sugar crop

He saw the possibility of a coup so he wanted to attain a strong Russian presence in Cuba to spread Communism

54
Q

What did K warn would happen if the USA used force against Cuba?

A

Said he would be ‘prepared to act’

55
Q

What was Operation Anadyr?

A

The installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba by K

56
Q

Why was K so personally committed to the Cuban Affair?

A

B/c he was in the military council & fought in WW2 - liked the idea of war

57
Q

How did K publically justify Soviet actions in Cuba?

A

Said it was a way to protect Cuba against attacks for the USA

58
Q

How did the US respond to Soviet action in Cuba?

A

Created a naval blockade to remove the missiles in Cuba

59
Q

What did K order instead of a full-scale nuclear confrontation with the USA? What was the effect of this?

A

Ordered Soviet ships not to challenge the blockade

Relieved tensions between America and Russia

60
Q

What effect did the Cuban Missile Crisis have on the USSR’s international standing?

A

Was a Diplomatic Victory for the USA

Damaged Khrushchev’s reputation

OCR History: Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (9 decks)

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