alcohols and carboxylic acid Flashcards
what is the general formula for alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
describe solubility of alcohols
as you increase the chain the the solubility decreases as chain disrupts bonding between other water molecules
describe the industrial production of ethanol
industrial ethanol is made by addition of steam with ethene in presence of phosphoric acid catalyst
its a continuous process with conc up to 96%
alcohol may be produced on a large scale
what is the equation of industrial production of ethanol
CH2 + H2O —-> CH3CH2OH
what are the requirements for industrial production of ethanol
steam
phosphoric catalyst
300 degrees and 6MPa
no visible change
electrophilic addition
describe fermentation to produce ethanol
ethanol is made by the anaerobic fermentation of sugar found in plant-based material
its a batch process, 12-15% alcohol by volume
whats is the equation of fermentation
C6H12O –> 2CH3CH2OH +CO2
what are conditions for fermentation
sugars taken from fruit
anaerobic yeast
37 degrees
why does ethanol reaches 15% during fermentation
because at these levels enzyme in yeast cease to function
uses of alcohols
- alcoholic drinks
- fuel in camping stove
- biofuels- petrol substitute
what is bioethanol
produced by fermentation of sugars in plants
what is biodiesel
produced from oils and fats present in the seeds of some plants
advantages of biofuel
- renewable
- carbon neutrality
- no fossil fuels (pricey)
disadvantage of biofuels
- land use (deforestation)
- uses of resources
- carbon neutrality - factories and transport
how do you make an alcohol into an alkene
dehydrated via elimination reaction
whats the general formula of carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
solubility of carboxylic acid
polar oxygen atom and can therefore form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. although longer the chains become progressively less soluble as hydrocarbon chains cant form hydrogen bonds
what is the ionic formula for ethanoic acid reacting with a metal
CH3C00H —> CH3COO- + H+
what is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid
weak acids to not fully dissociate
what do you observe when a carboxylic acid reacts with metals
effervescence
what do you produce when carboxylic acid reacts with bases
salt and water
what do you produce when carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates or hydrogen carbonate
salt, CO2 and H2O
what is the definition of a primary alcohol
the OH group is on a carbon atom which is bonded to only one carbon atom
what is used when oxidizing alcohols
acidified aqueous dichromate
what is created when you oxidize a primary alcohol by distillation
aldehyde
what is created when you oxidize primary alcohols by reflex
carboxylic acid formed
what is created when you oxidize secondary alcohol
ketone
when does oxidization occur in alcohols
when carbon directly bonded to OH is bonded to hydrogen atoms. in primary there is 2 in secondary there is one and in tertiary there is none
what are the observations for primary alcohol for oxidation and litmus paper
oxidation - orange to green
litmus - blue to red
what are the observations for secondary alcohol for oxidation and litmus paper
oxidation - orange to green
litmus paper - remains blue
what are the observations for tertiary alcohol for oxidation and litmus paper
oxidation - remain orange
litmus - remains blue
what happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol
an OH bond is broken and ester bond is formed
how do you name an ester
first part of the name is the alcohol (e.g ethyl) second part is the carboxylic acid (e.g ethanoate)
describe the process of separating an ester from its solution
once equilibrium is reached there is a mixture. ester must be removed by distillation so the reaction shifts equilibrium to the right so more esters are formed.
