aging

Question 1

inflammaging is pathological stimulation of which immune system?

Answer 1

innate immune system

Question 2

which part of the brain is affected most by alzheimers?

Answer 2

hippocapus - which undermines mood, which undermines cognition that undermines information and memory.

Question 3

What is Nrf2?

Answer 3

antioxidant response element - binds to DNA to tell it theres a stress and to act accordingly. It increases glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase production, and activates phase 2 detoxification.

Question 4

what are Sirtuins?

Answer 4

anti-aging proteins that improve insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial activity, cardiovascular health, fat metabolism, DNA integrity and lower inflammation. Activated by fasting

Question 5

list some of the main dementia risks

Answer 5

• chronic/acute stress
• PPIs
• poor diet
• vitamin deficiency
• vaccinations
• hypertension
• diabetes
• ## Obesity

Question 6

Which polymorphism is associated with Alzheimers

Answer 6

ApoE4

Question 7

What are the 4 types of dementia

Answer 7

• Frontotemporal dementia
• Vascular dementia
• Lewy body dementia
• Alzhemiers

Question 8

Describe frontotemporal dementia

Answer 8

Atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes causing behavioural, language and movement difficulties

Question 9

Describe vascular dementia

Answer 9

Impaired blood flow to the brain leading to cognitive decline. linked to CVD

Question 10

Describe Lewy body dementia

Answer 10

Lewy bodies are misfolded proteins sticking together, that cause alterations in thoughts, perceptions and movement. Also found in parkinsons.

Question 11

Which brain scans are used to diagnose alzheimers?

Answer 11

• combined CT and MRI
• combined PET and CT

Question 12

Describe alzheimers

Answer 12

mmisfolding of two proteins Tau and Amyloid beta are associated with Alzheimers. Suffer from loss of memory, language and reasoning.

shrinkage of the hippocampus.

Question 13

Which types of neurons are lost with alzheimers

Answer 13

acetylcholine producing neurons (cholinergic neurons)

Question 14

What is BDNF

Answer 14

brain derived neurotriphic factor, a neuroprotective protein essential for the survival of colinergic neurons

Question 15

What does BDNF support?

Answer 15

• cognitive ability
• memory
• neurogenesis
• synapse function

Question 16

What 2 components make up Acetylcoline

Answer 16

Acetyl-CoA and dietary choline

Question 17

which cells produce myelin sheath

Answer 17

olygodendrocytes

Question 18

what are some symptoms of MS

Answer 18

• visual impairments (optic neuritis)
• nerve tingling and numbness
• fatigue or weakness
• intestinal and urinary problems (nerves)
• poor co-ordination and balance
• speech difficulties
• difficulty walking
• emotional difficulties
• muscle spasms or tremor
• pain

Question 19

what are some risks of MS

Answer 19

• low vitamin D
• Epstein-barr virus
• childhood trauma/stress
• homocysteine, mitochondrial dysfunction
• smoking
• autoimmune diseases

Question 20

why might low vitamin D cause MS?

Answer 20

vitamin D help shift T-reg cells away from reactive T-cells such as Th-17 towards anti-inflammatory T-reg cells via the thymus gland

Question 21

what is the key aim of MS therapy?

Answer 21

promote the regeneration the olygodentrocytes that produce myelin sheath

Question 22

What is Gas-6?

Answer 22

A vitamin K dependent anti-inflammatory protein that protects olygodentrocytes and promotes remyelination

Question 23

How can B12 help MS?

Answer 23

• improves neuron growth and survival
• regenerates myelin sheath
• the phospholipids within myelin sheath are methylated, which B12 is needed for

Question 24

How does leptin make MS worse

Answer 24

Leptin is a odipokine (inflammatory cytokine) that is released from odipocytes, causing systemic inflammation (CNS). Also increases inflammatory Th17 autoreactive T-cells

Question 25

How can childhood trauma cause MS

Answer 25

has been linked to the shrinkage of the thymus gland, which can cause the thymus gland to produce more auto-reactive T-cells which can cause autoimmunity and less anti-inflammatory T-cells

Question 26

What happens in the brain with parkinsons?

Answer 26

gradual loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra

Question 27

which part of the brain does the neurons of the substantia sigra supply?

Answer 27

Straitum

Question 28

which parkinsons characteristics are caused by loss of dopamine?

Answer 28

tremmor and movement disorders

Question 29

what are the typical symptoms of parkinsons?

Answer 29

• muscle tremmor
• stiff or weak muscles
• dragging feet
• constipation
• loss of sense of smell
• slow movement (writing, speech)

Question 30

what are some risks/causes of parkinsons

Answer 30

• hereditary, age, sex
• inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
• traumatic brain injury
• pesticides and herbicides
• metal toxicity
• poor calcium metabolism (too much Ca in cell causes inflamation)
• stress and depression
• recreational drugs

Question 31

is M1 pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

Answer 31

pro-inflammatory

Question 32

is M2 pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

Answer 32

anti-inflammatory

Question 33

What are the 2 scans for parkinsons

Answer 33

DAT scan and PET scan

Question 34

What is the name of the protein that is misfolded in Parkinsons

Answer 34

Alpha synuclein

Question 35

which metals have been linked to parkinsons

Answer 35

• mercury
• aluminum
• manganese
• iron
• copper

Question 36

how will methyl folate supplementation help MS?

Answer 36

Homocysteine reduction

Question 37

How will citicoline supplementation help with MS?

Answer 37

Synapse mitochondrial support and CNS anti-inflammation

Question 38

how will CoQ10 supplementation help MS?

Answer 38

Mitochondrial support

Question 39

Which herbs can repair the blood brain barrier?

Answer 39

• Ashwagandha
• Ginko biloba
• rosemary