aging Flashcards
inflammaging is pathological stimulation of which immune system?
innate immune system
which part of the brain is affected most by alzheimers?
hippocapus - which undermines mood, which undermines cognition that undermines information and memory.
What is Nrf2?
antioxidant response element - binds to DNA to tell it theres a stress and to act accordingly. It increases glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase production, and activates phase 2 detoxification.
what are Sirtuins?
anti-aging proteins that improve insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial activity, cardiovascular health, fat metabolism, DNA integrity and lower inflammation. Activated by fasting
list some of the main dementia risks
- chronic/acute stress
- PPIs
- poor diet
- vitamin deficiency
- vaccinations
- hypertension
- diabetes
- ## Obesity
Which polymorphism is associated with Alzheimers
ApoE4
What are the 4 types of dementia
- Frontotemporal dementia
- Vascular dementia
- Lewy body dementia
- Alzhemiers
Describe frontotemporal dementia
Atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes causing behavioural, language and movement difficulties
Describe vascular dementia
Impaired blood flow to the brain leading to cognitive decline. linked to CVD
Describe Lewy body dementia
Lewy bodies are misfolded proteins sticking together, that cause alterations in thoughts, perceptions and movement. Also found in parkinsons.
Which brain scans are used to diagnose alzheimers?
- combined CT and MRI
- combined PET and CT
Describe alzheimers
mmisfolding of two proteins Tau and Amyloid beta are associated with Alzheimers. Suffer from loss of memory, language and reasoning.
shrinkage of the hippocampus.
Which types of neurons are lost with alzheimers
acetylcholine producing neurons (cholinergic neurons)
What is BDNF
brain derived neurotriphic factor, a neuroprotective protein essential for the survival of colinergic neurons
What does BDNF support?
- cognitive ability
- memory
- neurogenesis
- synapse function
What 2 components make up Acetylcoline
Acetyl-CoA and dietary choline
which cells produce myelin sheath
olygodendrocytes
what are some symptoms of MS
- visual impairments (optic neuritis)
- nerve tingling and numbness
- fatigue or weakness
- intestinal and urinary problems (nerves)
- poor co-ordination and balance
- speech difficulties
- difficulty walking
- emotional difficulties
- muscle spasms or tremor
- pain
what are some risks of MS
- low vitamin D
- Epstein-barr virus
- childhood trauma/stress
- homocysteine, mitochondrial dysfunction
- smoking
- autoimmune diseases
why might low vitamin D cause MS?
vitamin D help shift T-reg cells away from reactive T-cells such as Th-17 towards anti-inflammatory T-reg cells via the thymus gland
what is the key aim of MS therapy?
promote the regeneration the olygodentrocytes that produce myelin sheath
What is Gas-6?
A vitamin K dependent anti-inflammatory protein that protects olygodentrocytes and promotes remyelination
How can B12 help MS?
- improves neuron growth and survival
- regenerates myelin sheath
- the phospholipids within myelin sheath are methylated, which B12 is needed for
How does leptin make MS worse
Leptin is a odipokine (inflammatory cytokine) that is released from odipocytes, causing systemic inflammation (CNS). Also increases inflammatory Th17 autoreactive T-cells
How can childhood trauma cause MS
has been linked to the shrinkage of the thymus gland, which can cause the thymus gland to produce more auto-reactive T-cells which can cause autoimmunity and less anti-inflammatory T-cells
What happens in the brain with parkinsons?
gradual loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra
which part of the brain does the neurons of the substantia sigra supply?
Straitum
which parkinsons characteristics are caused by loss of dopamine?
tremmor and movement disorders
what are the typical symptoms of parkinsons?
- muscle tremmor
- stiff or weak muscles
- dragging feet
- constipation
- loss of sense of smell
- slow movement (writing, speech)
what are some risks/causes of parkinsons
- hereditary, age, sex
- inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
- traumatic brain injury
- pesticides and herbicides
- metal toxicity
- poor calcium metabolism (too much Ca in cell causes inflamation)
- stress and depression
- recreational drugs
is M1 pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?
pro-inflammatory
is M2 pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?
anti-inflammatory
What are the 2 scans for parkinsons
DAT scan and PET scan
What is the name of the protein that is misfolded in Parkinsons
Alpha synuclein
which metals have been linked to parkinsons
- mercury
- aluminum
- manganese
- iron
- copper
how will methyl folate supplementation help MS?
Homocysteine reduction
How will citicoline supplementation help with MS?
Synapse mitochondrial support and CNS anti-inflammation
how will CoQ10 supplementation help MS?
Mitochondrial support
Which herbs can repair the blood brain barrier?
- Ashwagandha
- Ginko biloba
- rosemary
