aggression Flashcards
what is aggression
the intention to harm outside the laws of the game
ways to indicate an action is aggressive
isnt an emotion or thought its behaviour
intentional
involves harm
against living things
can be mentally or physically draining
what is hostile aggression
primary intention to harm another person inflicted by anger and outside the rules
what is instrumental aggression
aggressive behaviour clearly likely to cause harm but intention to achieve a different aim
no anger
outside rules of the game
what is assertive behaviour
doesnt intend to harm use of legitimate force
within the rules
the overlap between aggression and assertion
draw diagram
what is instinct theory
by frued then lorenze
agressiveness is natural characteristic
necessary of developement of species
humans have the same instinctive tendency to defend as animals
vital that aggression is released in a respectable way
arguments against instinct theories
human aggression is often not spontaneous
aggression differs between cultures
levels of aggression increase when playing sport
no biological charateristics have been identified
how is social learning theory linked to aggression
agression is learned by observing others by social reinforcement
DARMMM
can also learn non aggressive behaviour
crucial that teachers and coaches must display positice codes of behaviour in response to frustration
what is the frustration aggression theory
frustration leads to aggression
agression stems from frustration
frustration = blocking of goal orientated behaviour which causes drive to be aggressive towards the source of the frustration
what is the aggression frustration theory equation
drive to goal –> obstacle to goal –> frustration –> aggression
what is catharsis
letting of steam
what are the problems with the aggression frustration theory
frustration doesnt always lead to aggression
aggression often occurs with no evidence of frustration
doesnt account for situational factors
what is cue arousal theory also known as
aggressive cue theory
what is cue arousal theory
combination of social learning theory and frustartion aggression theory
frustration leads to anger ans a readiness for aggressive behaviour
it isnt a drive that must be satisfied
people are only aggressive through a learned response
people may employ stress management techniques to avoid such response
what usually causes agression
stimuli
what is ASIF
4 theories of aggression
aggressive cue hypothesis
social learning theory
instinct theory
frustration aggression theory
What are some causes of aggression
Over arousal/Physiological Arousal (Cox, 1994): ready for action in order to elicit anger towards someone. Therefore sports which encourage arousal e.g. rugby lead to increased danger of aggression
• Influence of professional game
Type of sport
Provoked
Unfair officiating/biased
Hostile Crowd
Losing/facing defeat
Pressure from crowd/pressure of match/situation
Desire to win
Innate (personality)/copying others
Frustration (goal blocked)
Game nearing end etc.
Temperature
Who has a responsibility to reduce aggression in sport
Performers
Parents
Coaches
Officials
Teachers
What are some strategies to combat aggression
control the arousal level of the performer by channelling aggression through stress management techniques
avoid situations that lead to aggressive tendencies remove aggressive player from situation e.g. substitute reward non-aggressive acts, e.g. with a fair play award talk to players to calm them down display non-aggressive role models punish aggressive performers
increase peer pressure to be non-aggressive walk away from the situation
indicate that aggression can be detrimental to the team
sport governing bodies establish a non-aggressive code of conduct with players, coaches, media etc.
encourage sportsmanship
players develop self-control strategies to control levels of arousal such as mental rehearsal reduce emphasis on winning
ensure players are aware of the wider role they play in society point out responsibilities to the team set non-aggressive goals channel aggression into assertion apply sanctions immediately
reduce the importance of the event and the ‘win at all costs’ attitude develop fitness levels
develop player’s code of conduct/promote fair play
* educate players on the appropriateness of certain types of behaviour
What are the 2 categories that aggression can be maintained
Internally
Externally
What specific strategies can a referee use to reduce aggression
Apply rules correctly consistently and remain unbiased
Punish aggressive behaviour
Be consistent with punishment
Give appropriate punishments
Use authority and control
What specific strategies can a coach use to reduce aggression
Relaxation techniques
Reinforce good behaviour
Punish aggressive behaviour
Remove from situation
Discuss frustration aspects of sport
Encourage non aggressive role models
Encourage group responsibility
Use goal setting
Develop players code of conduct
Reduce importance of event
Develop fitness levels
