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PHN > Ageing > Flashcards

Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in heart and lungs associated with ageing (3)

A

Increased blood pressure
Decreased lung capacity
Decreased oxygen uptake

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2
Q

Changes in body composition and metabolism associated with ageing (3)

A

Greater body fat
Raised blood lipids
Impaired glucose tolerance

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3
Q

Changes in reproductive function associated with ageing (2)

A

Menopause

Male infertility

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4
Q

Changes in musculo-skeletal function associated with ageing (3)

A

Muscle wasting
Reducing muscle tone and strength
Bone mineral declining

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5
Q

Changes in immune function associated with ageing

A

Declining cellular and passive immunity

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6
Q

Changes in digestive tract associated with ageing (5)

A 
Loss of teeth
Salivary flow reduced 
Reduced gastric secretions 
Reduced colonic motility 
Malabsorption of micronutrients
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7
Q

What are the two fates of cells during the ageing process (2)

A

Cell death

Quiescence

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8
Q

Necrosis (4)

A

Cell death due to external factors abnormal Cell death due to inflammation, injury or infection
Involves breakdown of cell and organelle membranes
Lysomal destruction of cell components

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9
Q

Apoptosis (3)

A

Programmed cell death
Occurs on activation of caspases
Coordinated recruitment of systems to destroy genetic material and proteins

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10
Q

Cellular quiescence (4)

A

Cells become quiescent during as we age

Which is altered patterns of gene expression

Quiescent cells may be replaced by stem cells

Ageing begins to impact on function if rate of senescence exceeds rate of replacement

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11
Q

What is p53?(2)

A

Tumour suppressor protein

Is a regulator of the G1/S checkpoint in the cell cycle

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12
Q

What regulates p53 concentration?

A

Hdm2 (mdm2)

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13
Q

What happens when p53 is activated through DNA damage/mutation?(2)

A

Results in either:
Senescence
Or triggers apoptosis

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14
Q

There is a _________ correlation between ____ and lifespan

A

Negative

BMR

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15
Q

Changes in nervous system associated with ageing (4)

A

Sensory impairments
Memory loss
Slower reflexes
Slower mental function

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16
Q

Oxidative senescence

A

DNA vulnerable to oxidative damage

Lose capacity to prevent oxidation

Damage to mitochondrial DNA promotes excessive ROS generation

Unrepaired DNA damage activates p53 expression

17
Q

What does p53 activation lead to?(2)

A

Apoptosis

Cell cycle arrest

18
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repeating sequences of linear chromosomes

19
Q

What happens to telomere length as we age?(3)

A

Shortens
Below critical length p53 is activated
And apoptosis or senescence occurs

20
Q

Purpose of telomeres (2)

A

Prevent chromosome fusing together

Therefore preventing development of genetic defects

21
Q

What is the second mechanism causing telomeres to shorten?

A

Oxidation

22
Q

Calorie restriction mechanisms (6)

A 
Generates negative energy balance 
Lower fat mass 
Reduced insulin production 
Less inflammation 
Enhanced protein synthesis 
Reduced mitochondrial respiration and production of ROS
23
Q

Hazards associated with CR (6)

A 
Excessive weight loss
Infertility 
Osteoporosis 
Reduced wound healing 
Reduced immune function 
More psychological disorders
24
Q

Outcomes associated with with early life exposure to CR

A

More chronic diseases

25
Q

Potential hazard of high amounts of antioxidants (2)

A

Down regulation of oxidative repair

And antioxidant enzyme repair

26
Q

Oxidative senescence pathway (5)

A

ROS
DNA damage
DNA damage repaired

Or
p53 activation
Apoptosis or cell cycle mass

27
Q

Hayflick limit (4)

A

Cells divide a certain amount of times before they die or become quiescent
Cells from short lived animals divide fewer times than those from longer lives animals
Cells from older animals divide fewer times than those from young animals
This may have evolved to protect against cancer

28
Q

INK4a pathway (5)

A

Ink4a and ARF are tumour suppressor proteins produces from a single gene
Promotes ageing through inhibition of stem cell differentiation
And prevention of cell division
Expressions of proteins increases with ageing
Ink4a can override the telomere clock

29
Q

Example of long term calorie restriction in humans (5)

A

Okinawa has greatest density of centurions
Low CVD and cancer rates
Nutrient-dense diet with much less energy than western diet
However long life may be due to health foods rather then calorie restriction
Or may be due to genetics

30
Q

Antioxidants and ageing (6)

A

May restrict oxidative senescence
And slow ageing
Some studies have shown protective effects of ascorbate
Resveratrol extends life in simple organism
But no benefit of complex organisms
High dosage may also suppress other beneficial elements

PHN (18 decks)

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