Advanced Airway Flashcards
What are the structures of the lower airway?
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
What are the structures of the upper airway?
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
What is the most immediate measure of gas exchange?
Capnography
What is respiration vs. ventilation?
Respiration is gas exchange whereas ventilation is the mechanical movement of the air
Where is the site of most aspirated foreign bodies?
The right mainstream bronchi
What is the sac that covers the lung?
the pleura
Where is the site of cellular respiration?
Capillaries
_______ is the pressure exerted by each component of gas mixture.
Partial pressure
____ is the movement of air from high concentration to low concentration.
Diffusion
___ is the main part of the organ
Parenchyma
What is the connective tissue that covers the lung?
Pleura
What are two causes of decreased hemoglobin?
Anemia & hemorrhage
What is the normal ventilation rate for an adult
12 to 20
What is the normal rate for expired CO2?
35-45
What is the main respiratory center in the body?
Medulla
The _____ reflex tells you when you’ve inhaled enough air.
Herring-Brewers
What measures the amount of chemicals in the blood?
Chemoreceptors
Deep and fast respirations are known as _____.
Kussmal respirations
Diabetic ketoacidosis pts normally have what type of respirations.
Kussmal
Cheyne-stokes respirations are usually _____
Really fast then really slow
What type of patients normally have cheyne-stokes respirations?
Brain stem injuries
Biot’s respirations are usually what?
Really fast then periods of apnea
What type of patients have biots respirations?
Patients with high intracranial pressure
____ is the stiffness/flexibility of lung tissue.
Compliance
The higher the respiratory rate, the ___ the end tidal CO2.
Lower
What type of airway is inserted blindly but does not enter the glottis?
Extraglottic
Some EGAs sit in the esophagus (which places it behind the vocal cords). These are referred to as…
Retroglottic airway
Other EGAs sit above the vocal cords. These are called…
Supraglottic airways
What is the name of the instrument used for lifting the tongue and epiglottis so you can see the vocal cords?
Laryngoscope
The structure that the Mac blade fits into is called the…
Vallecula
You inflate the cuff on the ET Tube with how many mL of air?
10mL
What tools are used to remove foreign bodies in the airway?
Magill forceps
What are indications of CPAP?
Pulmonary edema Near-drowning Pneumonia COPD (inflammation) Asthma (bronchoconstriction)
What Are advantages to CPAP?
Non-invasive Easily adjusted & discontinued Rare complications Doesn't require sedation Fairly comfortable
What are contraindications for CPAP?
Respiratory arrest Decreased LOC (unable to protect airway) Trauma/pneumothorax Active vomiting Systolic BP < 100
CPAP is contraindicated in _______ patients because we are increasing ________ pressure which puts more pressure on the heart. This decreases _______ _______.
Hypotensive
Intrathoracic pressure
Cardiac output
What is the lowest PEEP setting?
5
What is the PEEP setting used for pulmonary edema patients?
7.5
What is the PEEP setting used for asthma/COPD patients?
5
What is PEEP?
Positive
End
Expiratory
Pressure
What are the phases of capnography?
I - respiratory baseline
II - reflects the appearance of CO2 in the alveoli
III - the highest level of the plateu
IV - the beginning of the inspiration phase
Capnogram showing the classic “shark fin” is consistent with:
COPD and asthma
An elevation in the baseline indicates:
Hyperventilation
Reduction in ETCO2 levels is consistent with:
Hyperventilation
Progressively low ETCO2 levels consistent with significant dead space is seen in:
Patients with pulmonary embolism
Progressive increase in ETCO2 levels is consistent with:
Hypoventilation
During inspiration, the lungs distend and activate:
Stretch receptors
According to the theory of hypoxic drive, respiratory stimulate is increased by:
Low PaO2
A high pitched musical whistle heard on inspiration/expiration while auscultation lungs is known as:
Wheezing
