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Abd & Superficial Structures 1 > Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts that the adrenal glands are composed of

A

Cortex

Medulla

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2
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenals develop from

A

Neural crest cells

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3
Q

What is another name for neural crest cells

A

Neuroectoderm

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4
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal glands develop from

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What part of the adrenal develops first

A

Cortex

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6
Q

At 6 week gestation what happen to the cortex

A

Proliferation of the mesoderm from the posterior abdominal wall occurs
Mesoderm penetrates the retroperitoneum and becomes the primitive adrenal cortex

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7
Q

At 8 weeks gestation what happens to the cortex of the adrenal glands

A

Structure separates from the peritoneal surface and is surrounded by retroperitoneal connective tissue

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8
Q

After birth what happens to the primitive cortex of the adrenal glands

A

Involuted and disappears around 1 year of age

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9
Q

At 3 years of age what happens to the permanent adrenal cortex

A

Differentiates into 3 zones

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10
Q

What are the 3 zones that the permanent adrenal cortex differentiates into

A

Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis

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11
Q

What happens to the adrenal medulla at 7 weeks gestation

A

Neural crest cells migrate and invade the medial side of the cortex
These cells differentiate into the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

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12
Q

What is another name for the adrenal glands

A

Suprarenal glands

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13
Q

What is the location of the adrenals

A

Retroperitoneal

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14
Q

Are adrenals paired organs

A

Yes

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15
Q

What is the location of the adrenals relative to the kidneys

A

Anterior
Medial
Superior

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16
Q

What are the adrenals surrounded by

A

Perinephric fat

Gerotas fascia

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17
Q

Do adrenals have a capsule

A

Yes

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18
Q

Do the adrenal move with the kidneys and how are they suspended

A

No, suspended by their own facial supports

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19
Q

What happens to the adrenal and the kidneys during deep inspiration or when sitting upright

A

Separate

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20
Q

What are adrenals composed of

A

Anteromedial ridge and a medial and latera wing

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21
Q

In an adult what is the size of the adrenals

A

Length: 4-6 cm
Width: 2-3 cm
AP: 0.3-0.6 cm

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22
Q

The size of adult adrenals is what of the kidney size

A

1/13

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23
Q

What is the size of newborn adrenals

A

Length: 0.9-3.6 cm
Width: 0.2-0.5 cm

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24
Q

What size of newborn adrenals is what to their kidneys

A

Proportionately larger

1/3 the kidney size

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25
Q

What is the shape of the adrenals

A

Pyramid
Semi-lunar
V/Y/Z configuration

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26
Q

What is the shape of the right adrenal

A

Pyramidal

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27
Q

What is the shape of the left adrenal

A

Semilunar

Crescent shaped

28
Q

Which adrenal is usually slightly larger

A

Left

29
Q

What are the relationships of the right adrenal relative to abdominal anatomy

A 
Posterior and lateral to the IVC 
Superior to right kidney
Posterior and medial to the liver
Lateral to the right crux of the diaphragm 
Posterior to the duodenum
30
Q

What are the relationships of the left adrenal relative to abdominal anatomy

A

Superomedial to the left kidney
Posterior to the stomach and lesser sac
Lateral to the left crux of the diaphragm
Inferior portion is posterior to pancreatic tail and splenic vessels
Posterolateral to the aorta

31
Q

What kind of organ is the adrenals

A

Vascular

32
Q

What boarder of the left adrenal can reach the renal hilum

A

Lower

33
Q

What 3 arteries supply each adrenal

A
  1. Superior suprarenal arteries from the inferior phrenic arteries
  2. Middle suprarenal artery off the aorta
  3. Inferior suprarenal artery off the renal artery
34
Q

What is the venous drainage of the right adrenal

A

Drains into the IVC

Shorter than left adrenal vein

35
Q

What is the venous drainage of the left adrenal

A

Drains into the left renal vein

Longer than right adrenal vein

36
Q

What kind of gland are the adrenals

A

Double endocrine

37
Q

What does a double endocrine gland do

A

Maintains homeostasis through hormone secreation

38
Q

what are the 2 layers of the adrenals

A

cortex

medulla

39
Q

what makes up 90% of the adrenal

A

cortex

40
Q

what kind of outer layer does the cortex have

A

thicker

41
Q

what hormones does the cortex secrete

A

mineral corticoids
glucocorticoids
gonadal hormones

42
Q

what part of the adrenal is essential for life

A

cortex

43
Q

can you have 1 functioning adrenal cortex and not 2, is having none fatal for life

A

yes

44
Q

how is the release of steroid hormones controlled

A

by negative feedback system between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and adrenal gland

45
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete

A

ACTHRF

46
Q

what does ACTHRF stand for

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing factor

47
Q

what does the cortex cause the anterior pituitary to release

A

ACTH

48
Q

what does ACTH stand for

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

49
Q

what does the cortec cause the adrenals to do

A

produce hormones

50
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculate
zona reticularis

51
Q

what is the zona glomerulosa and what percentage of the cortex does it make up

A

15%
outer most layer
secretes mineralocorticoids
aldosterone

52
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

acts on renal tubules for sodium and water retention by the body so it can assit in raising and lowering BP

53
Q

what is the zona fasiculate and what percentage of the cortex does it make up

A

75%
middle layer
secretes glucocorticoids

54
Q

what are the glocorticoids that the adrenal cortex secretes and what do they control

A 
cortisone and hydrocortisone
control: 
fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism
suppresses immune response (anti-inflammatory)
helps resit mental and physical stress
55
Q

what is the zona reticularis and what precentage of the cortex does it make up

A

10%
inner most layer
secretes sex hormones

56
Q

what are the sex hormones that the adrenal cortex secretes and what do they control

A

estrogen and androgens

promotes normal development of the reproductive organs and bones

57
Q

when is the zona reticularis present

A

around the 4th year of life

58
Q

what makes up 10% of the adrenal layers

A

medulla

59
Q

what is the position of the medulla

A

central

60
Q

what is the medulla related to and where is it derived from

A

sympathetic nervous system

ectoderm

61
Q

is the medulla essential for life

A

no

62
Q

what response is the medulla responsible for

A

fight or flight

63
Q

what does the medulla secrete

A

catecholamine hormones

64
Q

what catecholamine hormones does the medulla secrete

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

65
Q

what does epinephrine do

A

dilates cononary vessels

consricts skin and renal vessels

66
Q

what does norepinephrine do

A

constircts all arteries except coronary vessels

Abd & Superficial Structures 1 (10 decks)

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