Adrenal Glands Flashcards
2 parts of adrenal glands
cortex medulla
cortex of adrenal gland develops from the ___
mesoderm
medulla of the adrenal gland develops from the
neural crest cells (neuroectoderm)
what develops first cortex or medulla for adrenal glands
cortex
cortex:
6 weeks: proliferation of mesoderm from _____
penetrates the ____, becomes _____
post abd wall
retroperitoneum
primitive adrenal cortex
cortex:
8 weeks: separates from _____ and is surrounded by ____
peritoneal surface
connective tissue (capsule)
after birth, the primitve adrenal cortex involutes and disappears by the age of ____
1
at ___ years of age, the adrenal cortex differentiates into ____ zones
3
3
medulla
7 weeks: neural crest cells migrate and invade the ____ side of the cortex
cells differentiate into the _____ of the adrenal medulla
medial
chromaffin cells
adrenal glands AKA
suprarenal glands
adrenal glands surrounded by (2)
perinephric fat
Gerota’s fascia
are adrenal glands fixed
yes
adrenal glands:
_____ length
_____ width
_____ AP
4-6cm
2-3cm
3-6mm
newborn kidneys are proportionately ____ (____ of kidney size)
larger
1/3
5 shapes of adrenal glands
pyramidal
semilunar (crescent)
V
Y
Z
left adrenal is slightly ____ than right
larger
R adrenal gland is ____ and _____ to IVC
post
lat
L adrenal gland has ____ portion ____ to panc and splenic vessels
inf
post
what 3 arteries supply adrenal glands and where does each artery come from
superior suprarenal arteries from the inferior phrenic arteries
middle suprarenal artery off aorta
inferior suprarenal artery off renal artery
right suprarenal vein drains into ___, left suprarenal vein drains into ___
IVC
LRV
cortex makes up ____ of adrenal glands
90%
cortex secretes _____ hormones (3 examples)
steroid
corticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadal hormones
are the adrenal glands essential for life
yes
cortex release controlled by a ____ feedback system
negative
3 layers of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa: outer
zona fasciculata: middle
zona reticularis: inner
zone glomerulusa releases
mineralcorticoids - aldosterone
increase aldosterone = ___ and _____ retention by body
sodium
water
zona fasciculata releases and their function
glucocorticoids - cortison, hydrocortisone
metabolism, immune response suppression, helps resits mental and physical stress
zona reticularis releases
sex hormones - androgens and estrogens
medulla of adrenal gland functions is _____
fight or flight
medulla of adrenal gland secretes
catecholamines
what are two catecholamines
epinephrine
norepinephrine
fight/flight:
____ HR
____ vessels
____ BP
____ respiration
____ respiratory passages
____ digestion
____ blood sugar levels
increase
constricts
increases
increases
dilation
decreased
increases
ACTH released by
ant pituitary
ACTH tested in (serum, blood, urine)
serum
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete ____, ____, and ____
cortisol
androgens
aldosterone
ACTH is elevated in ____ and ____
Cushing’s disease
Primary adrenal hypofunction
aldosterone is a _____ secreted by ____
mineralcorticoid
adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
aldosterone is increased in ____, _____ and ____
adenoma
adrenal carcinoma
adrenocorticohyperplasia
aldosterone is decreased in ______
hypofunctioning adrenal
aldosterone is tested by (serum, blood, urine)
serum and urine
cortisol is measured in (serum, blood, urine)
blood and urine
cortisol is a _____ secreted by the _____
glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex
cortisol increased in _____, _____, _____. and ______
hyperthyroidism
stress
some types of obesity
adrenal hyperfunction
cortisol decreased in ______ and _____
adrenal hypofunction
hypothyroidism
catecholamines are hormones secreted by the _____
adrenal medulla
for catecholamines, ____ test is more reliable than a ____ test
urine
serum
catecholamines are increased in _____ and _____
strenuous activity
malignancies
newborn adrenal glands have a _____ medulla and a _____ cortex (echogenicity)
echogenic
less echogenic (hypoechoic)
R adrenal is best evaluated ______ using the ___ or ____ as a window
intercostally
liver
R kidney
R adrenal: patient in ____ but can use ___
supine
LLD
L adrenal is scanned ____ using the ____ or ____ as a window
intercostally
spleen
left kidney
L adrenal can have patient in ____ or _____ position
decubitus
RAO
for L adrenal you can place patient in LPO and scan through ____ and ____
IVC
Aorta
