ADHD

Question 1

What is ADHD?

Answer 1

A familial neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness that often persists throughout the lifespan

Question 2

What is the prevalence and heritability of ADHD?

Answer 2

Prevalence is up to 3% in the UK, 5% worldwide. Heritability is 76% based on twin studies

Question 3

How does ADHD present differently in boys vs girls?

Answer 3

Diagnosed three times more often in boys. Boys show more externalizing symptoms (aggression, defiance), while girls show more internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety)

Question 4

What are the comorbidity rates for ADHD?

Answer 4

50-66% overall comorbidity rates. Including: ASD: 30%, Learning disability: 7-10%, Conduct problems: 40%, Mood disorders: 5-20%

Question 5

How is ADHD diagnosed?

Answer 5

Through careful clinical history gathering information from home, school, and clinical observation. No genetic tests, blood tests, or brain scans are used

Question 6

What is the stepwise treatment approach for ADHD?

Answer 6

1. Education & support for family/school 2. Classroom management & behavioral techniques 3. Medication (if needed) - Methylphenidate as first-line treatment

Question 7

What are the key neurobiological findings in ADHD?

Answer 7

• Delayed cortical maturation, especially in prefrontal cortex. Dopaminergic dysfunction primary, with serotonergic and noradrenergic involvement. Multiple brain regions show abnormalities

Question 8

What is the economic burden of ADHD?

Answer 8

In the UK, annual treatment costs are £670 million, affecting healthcare, education, social, and youth justice services

Question 9

What are common misconceptions about ADHD treatment?

Answer 9

• Expecting miracle cures. Unfounded fears of side effects. Expecting instant effects. Expecting 100% symptom correction. Assuming medication will fix unrelated problems