Additional Notes Module 4: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System

Question 1

Neural, endocrine, and autoregulatory mechanisms affect blood flow, blood pressure, and eventually perfusion of blood to ____

Answer 1

body tissues

Question 2

____ include the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata, baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries and right atrium, and associated chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions.

Answer 2

Neural mechanisms

Question 3

____ include epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as ADH, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ANH, and EPO.

Answer 3

Endocrine controls

Question 4

____ is the local control of vasodilation and constriction by chemical signals and the myogenic response.

Answer 4

Autoregulation

Question 5

_____ greatly improves cardiovascular function and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, a leading cause of heart attacks and strokes.

Answer 5

Exercise

Question 6

Significant hemorrhage can lead to a form of circulatory shock known as _____.

Answer 6

hypovolemic shock

Question 7

Sepsis, obstruction, and widespread inflammation can also cause ____

Answer 7

circulatory shock

Question 8

type of shock that follows a severe allergic reaction and results from massive vasodilation

Answer 8

Anaphylactic shock

Question 9

small pockets in the ascending aorta near the aortic valve that are the locations of the baroreceptors (stretch receptors) and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis

Answer 9

Aortic sinuses

Question 10

mechanism for maintaining vascular homeostasis involving atrial baroreceptors: if blood is returning to the right atrium more rapidly than it is being ejected from the left ventricle, the atrial receptors will stimulate the cardiovascular centers to increase sympathetic firing and increase cardiac output until the situation is reversed; the opposite is also true

Answer 10

Atrial reflex

Question 11

type of shock that results from the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output

Answer 11

Cardiogenic shock

Question 12

small pockets near the base of the internal carotid arteries that are the locations of the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular homeostasis

Answer 12

Carotid sinuses

Question 13

also simply called shock; a life-threatening medical condition in which the circulatory system is unable to supply enough blood flow to provide adequate oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues to maintain cellular metabolism

Answer 13

Circulatory shock

Question 14

chronic and persistent blood pressure measurements of 140/90 mm Hg or above

Answer 14

Hypertension

Question 15

type of circulatory shock caused by excessive loss of blood volume due to hemorrhage or possibly dehydration

Answer 15

Hypovolemic shock

Question 16

constriction of dilation in the walls of arterioles in response to pressures related to blood flow; reduces high blood flow or increases low blood flow to help maintain consistent flow to the capillary network

Answer 16

Myogenic response

Question 17

type of shock that occurs with cranial or high spinal injuries that damage the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata or the nervous fibers originating from this region

Answer 17

Neurogenic shock

Question 18

type of shock that occurs when a significant portion of the vascular system is blocked

Answer 18

Obstructive shock

Question 19

organismal-level inflammatory response to a massive infection

Answer 19

Sepsis

Question 20

blood poisoning, type of shock that follows a massive infection resulting in organism-wide inflammation

Answer 20

Septic shock

Question 21

type of shock that occurs when arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically

Answer 21

Vascular shock