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Psychology > Addiction: Risk Factors > Flashcards

Addiction: Risk Factors Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Anything internal or external that increases the likelihood of an individual starting to use durgs or engage in addictive behaviour

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2
Q

What are the different types of risk factors?

A

Genetic Vulnerability
Stress
Personality
Family Influences
Peers

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3
Q

What is genetic vulnerability?

A

The possibilty that we may inherit a predisposition/vulenrability that increases the risl of this disorder.
It can explain why some individuals become dependent and others don’t

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4
Q

What are the two reasons genetic vulnerability can occur?

A

D2 Receptor
Metabolism

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5
Q

What is the D2 receptor?

A

D2 receptor is responsible for communicating with Dopamine, the number of D2 receptors an individual has is determined by genetics

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6
Q

What will happen if a person has fewer D2 receptors?

A

Having fewer D2 receptors is associated with addiction

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7
Q

What does having fewer D2 receptors lead to?

A

Problems with experiencing pleasure from everyday activities e.g., chocolate.

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8
Q

If a person has fewer D2 receptors what will they turn to?

A

More addictive substances like nicotine to experience the same feeling of pleasure and compensate for this deficiency

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9
Q

How does metabolism link to addiction?

A

Some people are able to metabolise certain addcitive subsatnces a lot faster than others, making it easier for them to become addicted as they may need more to have the same effects

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10
Q

How to explain a person’s metabolism?

A

It is inherited through genes

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11
Q

What is an example of metabolism research?

A

Pianezza

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12
Q

What did Pianezza find?

A

Some people lack a fully functioning enzyme which metabolises nicotine, so less likely to smoke than those with fully functioning version.

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13
Q

Correlational research for all

A

P - Based on correlational research
E - Cause an effect can’t be established, research shown a link between risk factors such as (state risk factor) and addiction
E - But it doesn’t show which came first
L - Lacks internal validity as it doesn’t allow us to conclude these factors do make people more at risk of addiction

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14
Q

Genetic vulnerability AO3 - Who researched genetic vulnerability?

A

P - Kendler et al using data from National Swedish Adoption Study

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15
Q

Genetic Vulnerability AO3 - What did Kendler look at?

A

E - Adults who ahd been adopted as children from biological families in which at least one person had an addiction

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16
Q

Genetic vulnerability AO3 - What did Kendler find?

A

E - That the children later had a significantly greater risk of developing an addiction themselves, compared to adopeted individuals with no addicted parent in their bioloigical families

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17
Q

Genetic Vulnerability AO3 - What is the link?

A

L - Gives validity to genetic vulnerability as a risk factor in addiction, shows addiction vulnerability can be inherited through genes.

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18
Q

What is stress?

A

Where an individual experiences a state of arousal that occurs when they beleive they don’t have the ability to cope with the perceived threat

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19
Q

If someone experiences stress what are they likely to do?

A

Turn to addictives substances orr behaviours as a from of self-medication for stress

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20
Q

With stress what has been linked to increased risk of developing an addiction?

A

Periods of chronic, long lasting stress and traumatic life events in childhood

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21
Q

Who researched stress?

A

Anderson and Teicher

22
Q

What did Anderson and Teicher find?

A

Early experiences of severe stress have damaging effects on a young brain in a sensitive period of development, can create a vulnerability to later stress.

23
Q

What can futher stressful experiences lead to?

A

Triggering the vulnerability and make it more likely for a person to self-medicate

24
Q

What is the stress AO3?

A

Correlational stress

25
Q

What has psychologists proposed about behaviours?

A

A correlation between certain traits and addcition

26
Q

What is suggested about personailty?

A

Anti-social personailty disorder leads to high vulnerability to addiction, can include neurotic and psychotic personality traits

27
Q

What does high levels of neuroticism lead to?

A

High levels of anxiety
Irritability
Low self-efficacy

28
Q

What does high levels of psychotism lead to?

A

Agressive
Impulsive
Sometimes emotionally detached
Risks of tasking and sensation seeking behaviour

29
Q

Personality AO3 - Who researched it?

A

Eynsenck and Gossop

30
Q

Personality AO3 - What did they do?

A

Assessed the personality of a sample of 221 drug addicts and 310 non-addicted ppts.

31
Q

Personality AO3 - What did they use?

A

Eysneck’s Proabbility Questionnaire

32
Q

Personality AO3 - What did they find?

A

Evidence of high psychotism and neuroticism scores in addicted ppts compared to non-addicted ppts

33
Q

Personality AO3 - Whta is the link?

A

This supports the role of neuroticism and psychoticism personality traits as a risk factor in addictive behaviour giving validity to this risk factor

34
Q

What are family influences?

A

Family members can have an effect on an individual’s thoughts, feeling and behaviours over the course of their development

35
Q

What is one family influence?

A

Perceived parental aaproval

36
Q

What is perceived parental approval?

A

If adolescents believe their parents show positive attitudes towards a particular addictive substance/behaviour, they will be more vulnerable to developing addiction

37
Q

What did Livingstone find?

A

Final year high school students who were allowed by their parents to drink alcohol at home were significantly more likely to drink excessively at college the following year

38
Q

What is another family influence?

A

Parents having little interest in monitoring their behaviour

39
Q

How does the social learning theory link to family influences?

A

Individual observes family mmebr engaging in addcitive behaviour, imitiate this behaviour as they identify with them and want to be like them

40
Q

Family influences AO3 - Who researched it?

A

Madras et al

41
Q

Family influences AO3 - What did Madras do?

A

Studied familis with adolescents where parents use cannabis

42
Q

Family infleucnes - What did Madras find?

A

A strong positive correlation between the parenst use of cannabis and the adolescents use of cannabis, nicotine, alcohol and opioids

43
Q

Family influences AO3 - What dies the findings show?

A

Adolescents perceived that the parents were accepting drug use so went on to do it themselves

44
Q

Family influences AO3 - What is the link?

A

Supports fmaily influences as a risk factor for addcition

45
Q

How can peers influence an individual’s development?

A

As they spend more time with them and less with their family

46
Q

What do some psychologists argue peers act as?

A

A gateway to addictive behaviour

47
Q

What did O’Connell et all suggest?

A

Adolescents are at risk of devloping alcohol addiction due to the influence of their peers because of three major elements

48
Q

What are the three major elements suggestde by O’Connell?

A

Attitudes and norms to drinking alcohol
Opportunities to drinking alcohol
Individual’s perception

49
Q

Attitudes and norms to drinking alcohol

A

Risk of drinking alcohol can be influenceed by associating with groups of peers who drink alcohol (NSI and ISI)

50
Q

Opportunities to drink alcohol

A

Experienced peers provide more oppportunities for the risk of drinking alcohol

51
Q

Individuals perception

A

Individual may overestimate how much their peers drink and drink more to keep up with them

Psychology (24 decks)

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