Adaptive Immune System (third Line)

Question 1

How do T-cells get activated and what happens on activation?

Answer 1

Antigen presenting cells need to bring them the antigen and when the right T-cell is found they release cytokines to themselves and clone to helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

Question 2

How are B-cells activated and what happens upon activation?

Answer 2

B-cells have antibody receptors that bind to free floating antigens but the appropriate helper T-cells needs to come bind to the receptor. Th cell then releases cytokines which cause B-cells into plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 3

plasma cells

Answer 3

B-lymphocytes which shed antibodies

Question 4

Memory B-cells

Answer 4

B-Lymphocytes that remain in the lymph nodes and provide long lasting immunity

Question 5

Humoral immune response

Answer 5

Caused by B-cells cloning into plasma and memory cells. Plasma cells shedding antibodies all over the body to act on pathogens

Question 6

name the parts of the antibody

Answer 6

Make sure to know where these are on a diagram:

• Antigen binding site
• light chain
• heavy chain
• Variable region

Question 7

what 4 things do antibodies do to pathogens?

Answer 7

• Neutralisation: if the antigen is a toxin then the antibody blocks the binding site, neutralising it
• Agglutination: antibodies connect to pathogens and stick together, immobilising them
• Opsonisation: stick to pathogens and make them more recognisable by phagocytes
• Activate complement proteins: punctures a hole into the pathogen