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Pathopharm: NAT > Adaptive/Acquired Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

When is adaptive immunity mobilized?

A

After external barriers have been compromised and inflammation has been activated

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2
Q

What does adaptive immunity promote against?

A

reinfection

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3
Q

How does adaptive immunity differ from inflammation?

A

Inducible, Specific, Long-lived, and has memory

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4
Q

What is an antigen?

A

molecules on surface of microbes, infected cells, or abnormal tissues

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5
Q

What is the molecular target of antibodies?

A

antigens

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6
Q

What is an antibody?

A

blood protein produced in response to an antigen

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7
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

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8
Q

Where are T cells derived?

A

thymus

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9
Q

Where are B cells derived?

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

What are the two interrelated immune pathways?

A

Humoral and cell-mediated

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11
Q

What is the humoral immunity pathway?

A

antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes and target exogenous antigens; antibodies in blood; binds to antigens

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12
Q

What is the cellular/cell-mediated pathway?

A

Targets antigens directly, does NOT produce antibodies; defends against INTRACELLULAR pathogens and abnormal cells

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13
Q

In cellular immunity where are T cells located?

A

Blood and tissues

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14
Q

Are B-cells slow or fast to act?

A

slow

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15
Q

What must happen to B-cells for them to develop immunity?

A

exposure to pathogen: via environment or premeditated (i.e. vaccine)

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16
Q

What is a key difference between acquired and natural immunity regarding B-cells?

A

it has memory: once exposed, always protected and systemic

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17
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes made and matured?

A

bone marrow

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18
Q

What do B-lymphocytes develop?

A

immunocompetence

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19
Q

What is immunocompetence?

A

recognizing and binding to pathogens while ignoring body’s cells

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20
Q

What are membrane-bound antibodies?

A

displaying around 10,000 proteins on surface

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21
Q

Does each B-cell have unique membrane-bound antibodies?

A

yes

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22
Q

What is something to know about the unique membrane-bound antibodies?

A

The more unique antibodies, the more likely they are to match an antigen for recognition

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23
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes reside once they mature?

A

in the lymph nodes, lymph, and blood

24
Q

When are B-lymphocytes truly activated?

A

exposed to perfect match

25
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do when they are activated?

A

clones itself and produces more of the same cells for the specific antigen

26
Q

Which cell is the majority and what do they do?

A

Effector/plasma cells: antibody production

27
Q

What is important to know about Memory B cells?

A

long-lived, remember genetic code, produce stronger & faster response

28
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

bind and mark for destruction

29
Q

What is neutralization?

A

block binding sites so they can’t reproduce

30
Q

What is agglutination?

A

multiple binding sites: antibodies can attach to multiple antigens at one and clump them together

31
Q

What does agglutination do?

A

makes it easier for macrophages to destroy

32
Q

What does sending out chemical messengers do?

A

attracts phagocytes and lymphocytes to destroy

33
Q

What do frequently mutating pathogens do? What are some examples?

A

make memory cells ineffective; influenza, COVID

34
Q

What are some examples of pathogens that do not mutate frequently?

A

mumps, polio

35
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

pre-formed antibodies from mother via placenta or breastmilk

36
Q

How can antibodies aid in immune response for another person? Examples?

A

person who has antibodies can give blood plasma to another person; COVID, ebola

37
Q

What are the classes of immunoglobulins?

A

Ig: G, A, M, E, D

38
Q

IgG

A

abundant, protective, placenta

39
Q

IgA

A

blood

40
Q

IgA-2

A

bodily secretions: helps attack pathogens before the blood stream

41
Q

IgM

A

largest, first produced, neonatal

42
Q

IgE

A

low concentration, parasitic infections: attracts eosinophils b/c of inflammatory reaction

43
Q

What are IgE’s the common cause of?

A

allergies

44
Q

What is cellular/cell-mediated immunity

A

Last effort to defend body; Natural and humoral have failed; cells breached by invaders

45
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells (APC’s)?

A

phagocytes/macrophages engulf + break up antigens–> display pieces on exterior surface attached to MHC

46
Q

What do Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC) do?

A

tells body’s immune system to leave them alone b/c they are fighting off infection

47
Q

Where are T cells made and matured?

A

made: bone marrow
matured: thymus

48
Q

How can do T cells recognize antigens?

A

In broken up form on MHC

49
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

can’t directly destroy, only bind to 1 specific combination, copy, releases cytokines

50
Q

What are cytokines

A

chemical messengers

51
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

multiply helper T cells, activate cytotoxic T cells, activate B cells

52
Q

Can B cells bind to healthy cells?

A

Yes, can destroy

53
Q

What does a B cell do once it is bound to an antigen?

A

waits for Helper T cell to inspect & release cytokines

54
Q

What are cytotoxic cells?

A

locate cells, release enzymes that puncture cell membrane and kill, hunts for more

55
Q

Where do cytotoxic cells reside?

A

blood and lymph

56
Q

What are regulatory T cells?

A

release inhibitory cytokines, stop immune response

57
Q

What disease has no regulatory T cells?

A

autoimmune: immune response never stops and kills healthy cells and tissues

Pathopharm: NAT (6 decks)

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