Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatric Interventions > Acute Respiratory Illness in Paediatrics > Flashcards

Acute Respiratory Illness in Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia?

A
  • Infective process caused by a virus, bateria or mycoplasm that triggers and immune response
  • Diagnosed by CXR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the immune response to pneumonia result in?

A
  • Release of cytokines,
  • Subsequent inflammation & cell destruction
  • Alveoli fill with fluid made up of various white blood cells (depending on causative agent) & oxygenation is
    impaired as a result
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the early symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • Cough
  • Pyrexia
  • Breathlessness
  • Chest pain
  • In severe cases it can lead to vomiting, convulsions and loss
    of consciousness.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the general management of pneumonia involve?

A
  • Antibiotic therapy
  • Pain relief
  • Fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the physio management of pneumonia involve?

A
  • In previously healthy children nil indication for manual techniques
  • Specific ACTs in children with altered muscle tone, strength or MCC (e.g. CP, neuromuscular disorders, CF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A
  • Most common severe lower respiratory tract disease in infancy
  • Viral infection of respiratory tract commonly caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pathophysiology of bronchiolitis?

A
  • Acute inflammation, oedema & necrosis of epithelial
    cells lining bronchioles
  • Immune response (lymphocytes, plasma cells &
    macrophages)
  • Bronchospasm
  • Obstruction of small airways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the clinical presentation of bronchiolitis?

A
  • Initial cold-like symptoms (runny nose, lethargy)
  • Progresses to coughing, wheeze/fine inspiratory crackles on ausc
  • Increased WOB
  • Tachnypnoea
  • Subcostal & intercostal recession
  • Nasal flaring
  • Tracheal tug
  • Head bobbing
  • Grunting
  • Stridor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does evidence show regarding chest physio for bronchiolitis?

A

Chest physio using percs & ribs does not reduce LOS, O2 requirements or improve severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is pertussis?

A
  • Aka whooping cough, caused by bordatella pertussis

- Dangerous in infants <6 months & in children with respiratory compromise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the clinical presentation of pertussis?

A
  • Cold-like symptoms 7-10 days
  • Cough becomes paroxysmal: Thick sputum, provoked by crying, feeding etc
  • Spasms of coughing may cause hypoxia & apnoea which can lead to seizures, intracranial bleeding & encephalopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the medical management of pertussis involve?

A
  • Immunisation (2, 4, 6 months)
  • Most managed at home
  • Hospital if development of pneumonia
  • May last 6-8 weeks
  • Infants with frequent apnoea episodes or hypoxic convulsions may need to be intubated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common complication of pertussis?

A

Bronchopneumonia

- CXR shows hyperinflation, collapse & consolidation in severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of physio in pertussis?

A

Nil indication for physio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is croup?

A

Inflammation of upper airway triggered by recent infection (usually parainfluenza)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the clinical presentation of croup?

A
  • Coryzal, harsh barking cough & hoarse voice
  • Stridor: Worse at night
  • May develop respiratory failure
  • Acute phase of obstruction 1-2 days
  • Stridor & cough may continue 7-10 days
17
Q

What does the medical management of croup involve?

A
  • O2 and minimal handling
  • Nebulised adrenaline (short term relief)
  • Antibiotics only if additional bacterial infection is suspected
  • Glucocorticoids (rapid beneficial effects)
  • Some require intubation
18
Q

What is the role of physio in croup?

A

Physio is contraindicated in the non intubated child with croup

19
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • Chronic inflammation process within airway

- Causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness & cough

20
Q

What is the pathophysiology of airway obstruction in asthma?

A
  • Bronchial wall smooth muscle constriction
  • Airway wall oedema
  • Inflammatory cell infiltration of the submucosa
  • Intra-luminal mucus accumulation
  • Basement membrane thickening
21
Q

What is the epidemiology of asthma?

A
  • More likely in children of asthmatics or atopic people (i.e. eczema, food allergy, hay fever, urticaria)
  • Triggers: Allergens, exercise, emotion
  • Diagnosis not made before 3 years
  • Prognosis: Varied, some outgrow asthma, some develop later in life
22
Q

What does the medical management of asthma involve?

A
  • Education
  • Asthma action plans
  • Drug therapy
23
Q

What is the role of physio in asthma?

A
  • No routine indication for chest physio

- May have a role in education, device use etc

24
Q

What are the potential contributors of lung disease in children with CP?

A
  • Lower motor ability, history of asthma/cough/wheeze, GORD
  • Pulmonary aspiration
  • Impaired mucociliary clearance
  • Recurrent infection leading to bronchiectasis
  • Kyphoscoliosis
  • Upper airway obstruction
  • Lower airway obstruction/asthma
25
Q

What predicts respiratory dysfunction in children with CP?

A

Degree of

  • Spinal deformity
  • Neck rotation deformity
  • Severe asymmetrical posture - Severity of motor dysfunction
26
Q

What does the management of pulmonary aspiration in CP involve?

A
  • Thickened feeds & anti reflux treatment
  • Gastrostomy & fundoplication
  • Control of saliva
27
Q

What does the management of impaired MCC in CP involve?

A
  • Inhalations (saline/hypertonic saline, bronchodilators)

- Physical therapy to assist secretion removal

28
Q

What does the management of infection in CP involve?

A

Antibiotics & immunisation

29
Q

What does the management of scoliosis, upper and lower airway obstruction in CP involve?

A
  • Scoliosis: Benefit vs risk of surgery
  • Upper airway obstruction: Surgery vs CPAP
  • Lower airway obstruction: Asthma treatment trial, CPAP/BIPAP, cough is not effective
30
Q

When do children with CP require ACT?

A

When they have difficulty clearing excessive secretions of lower respiratory tract (not saliva)

31
Q

What ACT is used in lower respiratory tract infection?

A
  • Modified PD only

- Oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal suction

Paediatric Interventions (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions