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Pathology > Acute and Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

epyema

A

purulent exudate in the pleural space

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2
Q

abscess

A

localized collection of neutrophils

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3
Q

serous effusion

A

a watery -appearing transudate that resembles an ultra-filtrate of blood plasma

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4
Q

TGT-B

A

formed by macrophages to promote fibrosis

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5
Q

bradykinin

A

released in acute inflammation, associated increased vascular permeability and pain

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6
Q

myeloperoxidase

A

converts H2)2 into HoCL- a powerful oxidant stored in azurophilic neutrophil granules

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7
Q

chronic granulomatous disease

A

inherited defected in NADPH oxidase that leads to less O2-

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8
Q

leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1

A

lack of beta chain of integrins

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9
Q

TXA2

A

produced by COX to promote platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

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10
Q

PGI2

A

produced by COX to promote vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation

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11
Q

PGe

A

produced by COX to promote vasodilation, fever, and other effects

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12
Q

NSAIDS

A

inhibit prostaglandin production

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13
Q

asthma

A

mediated by leukotriene production

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14
Q

LTB4

A

produced by lipoxygenase to promote vascular permeability and leukocyte chemotaxis

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15
Q

LTC, D, E

A

producedy by lipoxygenase to promoted bronchoconstriction, vasoconstriction, and smooth muscle contraction

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16
Q

anexin 1

A

induced by glucocorticoids to prevent arachidonic acid production

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17
Q

easy bruisability

A

leukopenia

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18
Q

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

A

Decreased leukocyte functions because of mutations affecting protein involved in lysosomal membrane traffic

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19
Q

serous inflammation

A

Serous inflammation is marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

ex. effusion, skin blister resulting from a burn or viral infection

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20
Q

fibrinous exudate

A

A fibrinous exudate develops when the vascular leaks are large or there is a local procoagulant stimulus (e.g., cancer cells). A fibrinous exudate is characteristic of inflammation in the lining of body cavities, such as the meninges, pericardium (Fig. 2-19A) and pleura.

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21
Q

ulcer

A

An ulcer is a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue

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22
Q

abscess

A

localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.

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23
Q

purulent inflammation

A

This type of inflammation is characterized by the production of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid

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24
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  1. infiltration with mononuclear cells
  2. tissue destruction by a persistent offending agent
  3. angiogenesis and fibrosis
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25
Q

granulomatous inflammation

A

a granuloma is a cellular attempt to contain an offending agent that is difficult to eradicate.
Ex. TB

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26
Q

TNF

A

an acute phase cytokine produced by macrophages and monocytes

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27
Q

IL-1

A

produced by phagocytic cells to induce fever (pyrogen) and to attract T lympohcytes

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28
Q

phosphlipase C

A

catalyzes release of archidonic acid

29
Q

acute phase reactants

A

C-reactive, protein, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid

30
Q

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

A

a non-specific indicator of inflammation because acute phase reactants can cause rouleaux formation in RBCs

31
Q

interferon gamma

A

secreted by lymphocytes to stimulate monocytes and macrophages

32
Q

Nitroblue tetrazolium test

A

tests for chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase)

O2-> O2-

33
Q

myeloperoxidase deficiency

A

negative NBT test

increased risk for candida infection

34
Q

IL-10

A

anti-inflammatory secretion of macrophage

35
Q

IL-8

A

pro inflammatory secretion of macrophages during acute inflammation

36
Q

Is a continued inflammation always chronic?

A

no- neutrophilic response can be sustained by IL-8 from macrophages

37
Q

TLRs

A

receptors on innate immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells) that recognize PAMPs

38
Q

CD14

A

on macrophages recognizes LPS on outer membrane of bacteria

39
Q

NF-kB

A

leads to production of multiple mediators

40
Q

Prostaglandins

A

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2 mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

41
Q

PGE2

A

fever, pain, and vasodilation

42
Q

increased vascular permeability

A

post-capillary venule

43
Q

PGE2

A

mediates fEver and pain

44
Q

LTB4

A

attracts and activate neutrophlis

45
Q

activators of neutrophils (4)

A
  1. LTB4
  2. IL8
  3. C5a or C3a
  4. bacterial products
46
Q

activation of mast cells (3)

A
  1. tissue trauma
  2. C3a and C5a
  3. cross linking of IgE by antigen
47
Q

What is the major product of the second phase of mast cell response?

A

leukotrienes

48
Q

GM makes Classic Cars

A

IgG and IgM activate the classical complement pathway

49
Q

Hageman factor

A

inactive proinflammatory protein produced in the liver, activated upon exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen

50
Q

Kinin System

A

?

51
Q

rubor

A

due to vasodilation at the ateriolar smooth muscle due to histamine, PGs, and bradykinins

52
Q

Warmth

A

due to vasodilation at the ateriolar smooth muscle due to histamine, PGs, and bradykinins

53
Q

Tumor

A

leakge from postcapillary venules into interstitial space due to
histamine, tissue damage

54
Q

Fever (mechanism)

A

macrophages release pyrogens (IL-1 and TNF), increase COX activity perivascular cells of hypothalamus and PGE raises set point

55
Q

P-selectin

A

weibel-palade bodies, mediated by histamine

56
Q

E-selectin

A

induced by TNF and IL-1

57
Q

Siayl Lewis X

A

a molecules on leukocytes that results in rolling

58
Q

integrins

A

upregulated on leukocytes by C5a and LTB4

59
Q

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

autosomal recessive defect of integrins (CD18 subunit)

delayed separation of umbilical chord

increased circulating neutrophils (50% in lung’s marginated pool)

recurrent bacterial infection that lacks pus formation

60
Q

Chediak Higashi syndrome

A

microtubule defect

increased risk of pyogenic infections (phagocytosis)

neutropenia/ giant granules in leukocytes

*albinism: faulty transfer of melanin from melanocyte to keratinocytes

peripheral neuropathy

61
Q

Rule of 8

A

CD4 * MHC II= 8

CD8 * MHCI I= 8

62
Q

B7 is on

A

APCs

63
Q

CD28 is on

A

CD4 T cells

64
Q

Th1 cytokines

A

IL-2 activates CD8 T cells

IFN-gamma (macrophage activator)

65
Q

Th2 cytokines

A

Il4- IgI
Il-5: eosinophil chemotaxis, activation, maturation of B cells to plasma cells
IL-10 (inhibits Th1 phenotype)

66
Q

caspase activation

A

intrinsic mitochondria
Fas Ligand
cytotoxic granzyme

67
Q

B-cell activation (2)

A
  1. presentation to CD4 helper cells via MHC II

2. CD40 receptor on B cell binds CD40L on helpter T cells providing 2nd activationsignal

68
Q

what is the characteristic cell of a granuloma?

A

epithelioid histiocytes, macrophages with abundant pink cytoplasm

Pathology (9 decks)

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