1.3 Cell Death

Question 1

Pyknosis

Answer 1

nuclear shrinking

Question 2

Karryorrhexis

Answer 2

nuclear disintegration

Question 3

karylolysis

Answer 3

disintegration of nuclear fragments

Question 4

necrosis

Answer 4

death of a large group of cells followed by acute inflammation

Question 5

apoptosis

Answer 5

suicide

Question 6

coagulative necrosis

Answer 6

cells retain their shape, nucleic are gone
the organ remains intact, wedge-shaped and pale, wedge points to area of infarct

ischemic infarction, EXCEPT THE BRAIN

Question 7

red infarction

Answer 7

1. re-entry of blood

2. into a loosely organized tissue

Question 8

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 8

morph:

enzymatic lysis fo cells and protein
brain infarction, abcess, pancreatitis

Question 9

necrosis: brain infarction

Answer 9

microglial cells cause liquefactive necrosis

Question 10

necrosis: abscess

Answer 10

neutrophils release enzymes that cause liquefactive necrosis

Question 11

necrosis: pancreatitis

Answer 11

1. liquefactive (pancreatic enzymes digest itself)

2. fat necrosis (pancreatic enzymes)

Question 12

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 12

mummified, ischemia of lower limb and GI

1. coagulative necrosis
2. wet gangrene: infection of gangrenous tissue

Question 13

caseous necrosis

Answer 13

cottage cheese appearance, a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

granulamatous infection due to TB or fungal infection

Question 14

fat necrosis

Answer 14

chalky white appearance due to deposition of calcium (saponification)

1. trauma to fat (breast)
2. pancreatitis-mediated damage of peripancreatic fat

Question 15

saponification

Answer 15

fatty acids released by trauma or lipase join with calcium

Question 16

dystrophic calcification

Answer 16

a dead or dying tissue becomes a nidus for calcium deposition. normal levels of calciums

Question 17

metastatic calcification

Answer 17

high serum calcium or serum phosphate cause precipitation of calcium into tissue

Question 18

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 18

necrotic damage to the blood vessel wall, results in bright pink staining

1. malignant hypertension
2. vasculitis

Question 19

preeclampsia

Answer 19

fibrinoid necrosis of the placenta

Question 20

apoptosis

Answer 20

morph: pink (eosinophilic), nuclear condensation, apoptotic bodies are removed by macrophages

energy dependent, genetically programmed cell death involving single or small groups of cells

ex. endometrial shedding, embryogenesis, CD8 T cells

Question 21

caspases

Answer 21

activate proteases that break down the cytoskeleton

Question 22

intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

Answer 22

an apoptotic pathway due to cellular injury, DNA damage, or decreased hormonal stimulation

Mechanism: Bcl2 is inactivated, cytochrom c leaks into the cytoplasm

Question 23

Bcl2

Answer 23

stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane to prevent Ctyo c from leaking out

Question 24

extrinsic ligand-receptor pathway

Answer 24

1. Fas lignad binding FAS death receptor on the target cell

2. TNF binds TNF receptor on target cells

Question 25

CD95

Answer 25

fas death receptor on target cells

Question 26

Cytotoxic CD* T-cell pathway

Answer 26

perforins create pores in membrane of target cells; granzymes enter pores and activates caspases